Trichotomous goals of elementary school students learning English as a foreign language: a structural equation model

This study applied structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques to define the relations among trichotomous goals (mastery goals, performance-approach goals, and performance-avoidance goals), self-efficacy, use of metacognitive self-regulation strategies, positive belief in seeking help, and help-avoidance behavior. Elementary school students (N = 105), who were learning English as a foreign language, were surveyed using five self-report scales. The structural equation model showed that self-efficacy led to the adoption of mastery goals but discouraged the adoption of performance-approach goals and performance-avoidance goals. Furthermore, mastery goals increased the use of metacognitive self-regulation strategies, whereas performance-approach goals and performance-avoidance goals reduced their use. Mastery goals encouraged positive belief in help-seeking, but performance-avoidance goals decreased such belief. Finally, performance-avoidance goals directly led to help-avoidance behavior, whereas positive belief assumed a critical role in reducing help-avoidance. The established structural equation model illuminated the potential causal relations among these variables for the young learners in this study.     

明清道教伦理的新特征及传播

这篇文章通过比较研究的方法,以道教经典和通俗文学作品为依据研究和总结了明清时期道教在伦理观念方面的新特征以及这一时期道教在宗教伦理的传播方面的新局面。同时,文章也结合明清时期的社会经济背景和宗教背景分析了道教在这一时期的发展趋势以及与民众,特别是下层民众间的互动关系。     

神仙形象的“人性化”与道教的“世俗化”

这篇论文在回顾通俗文学中道教神仙形象基础上,阐释了不同时期神仙形象的变化和基本特征,并对形成这些不同的神仙形象的社会及宗教背景进行了分析,指出道教的世俗化是造成通俗文学中神仙形象宗教色彩逐渐减弱,人性特征逐渐加强的根源.     

从古代小说看道教世俗化过程中神仙形象的演变

神仙形象源自于早期神话和信仰中的"神"的形象.因此,早期的道教神仙被描绘为生活在远方异域,与凡人完全不同的特殊群体.随着道教神仙观念的发展,道教的神仙形象也在逐渐"人性化":神仙逐渐摆脱了过去的神秘色彩和"非人"特征,较多地吸收了"人"的形象特征.宋元以后,这一趋势变得更为显著.神仙形象中"神"的特征进一步减弱,而"人"的因素、特别是普通人的特征日益明显.我们通过对不同时期中国古代小说中神仙形象的比较,可以清晰地发现这一变化.在这篇论文中,我们也试图探讨道教的世俗化趋势对神仙形象的影响以及不同的神仙观念在中国古代小说的神仙形象中留下的痕迹.     

Airport Servicescape,Approach Intentions,and the Mediating Role of Perceived Merchandise Value and Shopping Value1

Despite the large body of work on approach intentions in airport servicescapes, literature considering cognitive evaluations as a possible mediator is lacking. The aim of this study is to address this gap in literature by investigating the effect of an airport servicescape environment on approach intentions through cognitive evaluations on the foundation of the stimulus–organism–response framework. Data of 484 passengers at Chinese international airports were collected. Overall, perceived merchandise value significantly mediated the relationship between airport servicescapes and approach intentions; perceived merchandise value and shopping value acted as chain mediators between airport servicescapes and approach intentions. The theoretical implications are discussed, and the results could be used by airport stores to achieve higher approach intentions.