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263.
In previous work assessing memory at various levels of representation, namely the surface form, textbase, and situation model levels, participants read texts but were otherwise not actively engaged with the texts. The current study tested the influence of active engagement with the material via note taking, along with the opportunity to review such notes, and the modality of presentation (text vs. spoken). The influence of these manipulations was assessed both immediately and 1 week later. In Experiment 1 participants read a text, whereas in Experiment 2 participants watched a video recording of the material being read as a lecture. For each experiment the opportunity to take notes was manipulated within participants, and the opportunity to review these notes before the test was manipulated between participants. Note taking improved performance at the situation model level in both experiments, although there was also some suggestion of benefit for the surface form. Thus, active engagement with material, such as note taking, appears to have the greatest benefit at the deeper levels of understanding. 相似文献
264.
Exploring the role of national culture on knowledge practices: a comparison between Spain and the UK
Cegarra-Navarro JG Sánchez Vidal ME Cegarra-Leiva D 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2011,14(2):808-819
In the context of a competitive knowledge-based economy, the knowledge provided by a firm's founders is one of the most important measures of success. This paper aims to identify the role of national culture on a founder's knowledge practices in a modern organisation. Using data collected from 258 Small to Medium sized Enterprises (SME(S)) in the Spanish and UK telecommunication industries (130 from Spain and 128 from the UK), we propose three knowledge management practices to be analysed; namely transfer, transformation and open-mindedness. This paper provides evidence that while Spanish SME(S) are more positively associated with higher levels of transfer and transformation of knowledge, UK SME(S) are more positively associated with higher levels of open-mindedness. Hence, this study serves as an important contribution to the small amount of literature currently available in this field by examining different practices that can be explained by the cultural characteristics of both countries. 相似文献
265.
This research explored relationships between beliefs about justice, illness causal attributions and fairness judgements of those causes. Participants (n?=?200) completed questionnaires assessing their belief in a just world (BJW) and measuring causal attributions and fairness judgements for 42 illness causes classified into behavioural, environmental and hidden (genetic, mystic, psychosocial) categories. As predicted, BJW was correlated positively with all fairness judgements, but with none of the illness causal attributions. Behavioural causes of illness were judged to be fairer than environmental causes, which were judged fairer than hidden causes. Finally, for environmental and hidden causes (uncontrollable illness attributions), positive correlations between causal attributions and their corresponding fairness judgements were found only among participants with high BJW. Implications of these findings for decision makers and health professionals are discussed, with emphasis on the need to consider the combined effect of causal attributions and BJW on illness fairness judgements. 相似文献
266.
Gabriel Rabin 《Philosophical Studies》2011,154(1):125-147
According to Frank Jackson’s famous knowledge argument, Mary, a brilliant neuroscientist raised in a black and white room
and bestowed with complete physical knowledge, cannot know certain truths about phenomenal experience. This claim about knowledge,
in turn, implies that physicalism is false. I argue that the knowledge argument founders on a dilemma. Either (i) Mary cannot
know the relevant experiential truths because of trivial obstacles that have no bearing on the truth of physicalism or (ii)
once the obstacles have been removed, Mary can know the relevant truths. If we give Mary the epistemological capabilities
necessary to draw metaphysical conclusions about physicalism, she will, while trapped in the black and white room, be able
to know every truth about phenomenal experience. 相似文献
267.
Decades of research demonstrate that conflict shapes and permeates a broad range of family processes. In the current article, we argue that greater insight, integration of knowledge, and empirical achievement in the study of family conflict can be realized by utilizing a powerful theory from evolutionary biology that is barely known within psychology: parent-offspring conflict theory (POCT). In the current article, we articulate POCT for psychological scientists, extend its scope by connecting it to the broader framework of life history theory, and draw out its implications for understanding conflict within human families. We specifically apply POCT to 2 instances of early mother-offspring interaction (prenatal conflict and weaning conflict); discuss the effects of genetic relatedness on behavioral conflict between parents, children, and their siblings; review the emerging literature on parent-offspring conflict over the choice of mates and spouses; and examine parent-offspring conflict from the perspective of imprinted genes. This review demonstrates the utility of POCT, not only for explaining what is known about conflict within families but also for generating novel hypotheses, suggesting new lines of research, and moving us toward the "big picture" by integrating across biological and psychological domains of knowledge. 相似文献
268.
Kara I. Gabriel Stephen M. Hong Marvin Chandra Susan D. Lonborg Cynthia L. Barkley 《Sex roles》2011,64(1-2):81-89
Although reports that men and women differ in spatial ability are common, recent research examining stress effects on spatial navigation have not included analyses of gender differences. The current study investigated cue perception and mental rotation after an acute cold-water hand immersion stress in 156 undergraduates from the western United States. Gender differences were observed in spatial performance and spatial anxiety. Discriminant analysis revealed that distal gradient cue identification and mental rotation reaction times as well as spatial anxiety differed among men and women exposed to the acute stress and their warm-water hand immersion controls. These results indicate that stress differentially alters spatial performance in men and women, and underscores the importance of assessing gender differences when examining spatial ability. 相似文献
269.
Adam J. Darnell Gabriel P. Kuperminc 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》2006,34(4):194-207
Statistical associations between individual and organizational dimensions of cultural competence were examined. Participants were 350 employees of 12 public mental health agencies in Atlanta. Results from hierarchical linear modeling indicated that agencies with culturally competent mission statements and training had significantly higher member perceptions of cultural competence within the organization. Las asociaciones estadísticas entre individuo y dimensiones de la organización de la competencia cultural se examinaron. Los participantes eran 350 empleados de 12 agencias mentales públicas de la salud en Atlanta. Los resultados del modelo linear jerárquico indicó que las agencias con declaraciones de objetivos culturalmente competentes y entrenamiento tenia las percepciones apreciablemente más altas del miembro de la competencia cultural dentro de la organización. 相似文献
270.
When attention is diffuse, as in a visual search task, an abrupt onset almost invariably succeeds in capturing attention. But if attention had been cued in advance to a different location, the same onset may then fail to capture attention (Theeuwes, 1991; Yantis & Jonides, 1990). In previous demonstrations, the onset appeared frequently. This may have diminished the onset’s novelty, which in turn could have affected its potency in capturing attention. The question we asked was whether preserving the onset’s novelty could enhance its capacity in capturing attention, even when attention had been prioritized elsewhere. As in Theeuwes’s (1991) study, observers were cued to the target location with a 100%-predictive central arrow cue. The frequency with which visual transients were introduced was varied across experiments. When the onset stimulus appeared frequently (Experiment 1), it indeed failed to capture attention. But when its appearance was relatively infrequent (Experiment 2), capture effects were clearly observed. In Experiment 3, the target appeared in one location throughout the experiment. This would have improved target localization, but an infrequently appearing onset stimulus still successfully captured attention. 相似文献