社交媒体使用对执行功能的影响：有益还是有害?

社交媒体使用对执行功能的影响尚存争议, 这与社交媒体使用强度起到的调节作用有关。中等强度的社交媒体使用会产生社交媒体心流体验, 使注意集中于目标信息, 并为个体提供了持续不断的社会奖励和情感支持, 对执行功能有益, 但高、低强度社交媒体使用则会损害执行功能。今后该领域的研究应该探讨社交媒体使用影响执行功能的“剂量效应”以及社交媒体使用类型对执行功能的具体影响, 还应关注不同认知水平的个体, 以进一步明确社交媒体使用与执行功能发展的关系。     

3～5岁儿童基于声音线索的情绪知觉

研究从言语的韵律和语义两条线索出发,试图探讨学前儿童基于声音线索情绪知觉的发展特点.实验一中,124名3～5岁儿童对男、女性用5种不同情绪(高兴、生气、害怕、难过和中性)的声音表达的中性语义句子进行了情绪类型上的判断.3～5岁儿童基于声音韵律线索情绪知觉能力随着年龄的增长不断提高,主要表现在生气、害怕和中性情绪上.不同情绪类型识别的发展轨迹不完全相同,总体来说,高兴的声音韵律最容易识别,而害怕是最难识别的.当韵律和语义线索冲突时,学前儿童更多地依赖韵律线索来判断说话者的情绪状态.被试对女性用声音表达的情绪更敏感.     

医护人员对家族性肿瘤患者的人文关怀

家族性肿瘤对患者本人在生理、心理及社会状态等方面都有极为深重的危害,并且由于其家族易感性,对家族其他成员的心理状态也会造成严重影响.本文强调了人文关怀在家族性肿瘤医护工作中的重要性,并分别论述了人文关怀在家族性肿瘤的诊疗和护理工作中的具体实施.     

Classical pattern recall tests and the prospective nature of expert performance

It is well established that experts are particularly adept at recalling and/or recognizing the key features of domain-relevant patterns. We compared the recall performance of expert and novice basketball players when viewing static and moving patterns. A novel method of analysis was used where the accuracy of the participants in recalling player positions was compared to actual player positions both at the final frame of pattern presentation and at 50 successive 40 ms increments thereafter. Experts encoded the locations of the players in both the static and moving patterns significantly further in advance of their actual finishing point than did nonexperts. Experts' use of an anticipatory encoding process, which was of a magnitude unmatched by nonexperts, suggests that many previous investigations may have underestimated the extent of the expert advantage in pattern recall.     

医学技术一级学科建设基础理论研究

医学技术是我国医学门类下的新兴一级学科,通过分析医学技术一级学科的发展历程、学科内涵、研究对象、学科性质、学科体系、学科建设的意义和作用等方面,指出该学科发展建设过程中仍存在理论体系尚待丰富、分支学科尚需分化、高端人才缺乏、多层次人才培养和学位体系需要构建等问题。     

补片在盆腔脏器脱垂修复手术中的作用

盆腔器官脱垂(POP)手术治疗在过去的几十年里经历了很大的发展,创新的手术器械产品不断应用到治疗中.各种补片/吊带的出现以及便捷的经阴道手术方式,使得用以治疗尿失禁(UI)和脱垂的补片/吊带在短时间内大量使用.治疗的理想目标是手术效果提高,同时保障患者的安全.但由于补片出现侵蚀、感染、患者盆底疼痛、性交困难等不良反应,使得目前补片在POP手术治疗中遭受争议.尤其是近几年美国食品药物监督管理局(FDA)连续发布了经阴道放置补片修补盆腔器官脱垂相关并发症的警告.本文回顾了相关文献,总结补片应用的相关临床结局和并发症,审视补片用于盆腔器官脱垂修复手术的现状和发展趋势.     

整合临床医学的必要性、可行性及途径——以睡眠呼吸暂停防控为例

长期以来以专科划分为主的医疗发展方式确实促进了现代医学的进步.然而,人是一个整体不应该被割裂对待.所以,这种医学发展趋势应该加以控制,否则必然会阻碍医学事业的健康发展.另外,如果只关注局部治疗想要取得突破已经越来越难.因此,整合临床医学势在必行.本文分别从阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的病因、临床表现(包括合并症)及诊断和治疗三个方面阐述了只有全面进行医学整合才能提高阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的整体防控水平.     

大学生信任倾向与心理健康的关系：个体差异的视角

通过对203名大学生进行人际信任量表（ITS）和新版明尼苏达多相人格问卷（MMPI-2）的施测,从个体差异的角度来考察大学生信任倾向与各心理健康症状之间的关系。结果表明,MMPI-2临庆量表中的抑郁、精神衰弱、精神分裂症和社会内向性,内容量表中的焦虑、恐惧、强迫性、抑郁、怪异思维、愤怒、愤世嫉俗、反社会行为、A型行为、低自尊、社会不适、家庭问题、工作障碍、治疗反感,均与信任倾向呈负相关。此外,四类不同心理健康特征的被试在信任倾向上存在差异,适应良好型被试的信任倾向得分显著高于其他三类,适应不良型的信任倾向显著低于其他三类,精神敏感型和外向冲动型的信任倾向居中．且这两娄之间没有显薯差异。     

Nagasawa vs. Nagel: Omnipotence,Pseudo‐Tasks,and a Recent Discussion of Nagel's Doubts About Physicalism1

In his recent “Thomas vs. Thomas: A New Approach to Nagel's Bat Argument”, Yujin Nagasawa interprets Thomas Nagel as making a certain argument against physicalism and objects that this argument transgresses a principle, laid down by Thomas Aquinas, according to which inability to perform a pseudo‐task does not count against an omnipotence claim. Taking Nagasawa's interpretation of Nagel for granted, I distinguish different kinds of omnipotence claims and different kinds of pseudo‐tasks, and on that basis show that Nagasawa's criticism of Nagel is unsuccessful. I also show how his reflections do nonetheless point to a limitation of the approach he means to criticize.     

Suffering by comparison: Twitter users’ reactions to the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show

Social comparison theory suggests that evaluating the self in comparison with others (e.g., peers, celebrities, models) can influence body image. Experimental studies that have tested effects of viewing idealized images in the media often show that women feel worse about themselves after seeing images that illustrate the beauty ideal. Twitter presents a naturally occurring opportunity to study viewers’ reactions. An analysis was conducted of 977 tweets sent immediately before and during the 2011 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show that reference the show. Although the majority were idiosyncratic remarks, many tweets contain evidence of upward social comparisons to the fashion models. There were tweets about body image, eating disorders, weight, desires for food or alcohol, and thoughts about self-harm. The results support social comparison theory, and suggest that vulnerable viewers could experience negative affect, or even engage in harmful behaviors, during or after viewing the show or others like it.