CHILD-REARING BELIEFS WITHIN DIVERSE SOCIAL STRUCTURES: MOTHERS AND DAY-CARE PROVIDERS IN MEXICO*

The child-rearing beliefs of 32 mothers and 36 day-care providers in Mexico were compared. Day-care providers expected children to master developmental skills at an earlier age than did mothers. Day-care providers more strongly valued the development of independent and cooperative behavior, and placed less importance on obedience. They also reported employing more flexible and nonauthoritarian discipline strategies than did mothers. Mothers and caregivers did not differ in the extent to which they attributed the success of their discipline strategies to their own actions rather than to external factors. Also examined was how mothers' beliefs differed in families characterized by interdependent versus individualistic social structures. In interdependent families, mothers were more likely to believe in later mastery of developmental skills and to make external attributions. These findings suggest that Mexican children experience incongruous social norms as they move between home and day care settings, and that these norms, at least within the home, are associated with the social structural features of the setting.     

“Make things as simple as possible, but no simpler.” A rejoinder to Scruggs and Mastropieri

Scruggs and Mastropieri (Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 879–883, 1994) take issue with criticisms of their PND (Percent of Nonoverlapping Data) statistic that we offered in our recent article (Allison & German, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 621–631, 1993), which advocated a regressionbased method for obtaining effect sizes in single-subject studies. They contend that their PND approach has several advantages over our approach because: (1) they believe that, unlike ours, it can take advantage of the small number of observations that are typically available in single-case studies; (2) it is simple to compute; (3) it frees researchers from traditional regression assumptions of normality, homogeneity of variance, and independence of observations and residuals; and (4) it correlates with visual judgements made by experts. As we shall argue, these claims are built upon very questionable assumptions and they are very difficult to substantiate. In addition, we show that the expected value of the PND is so strongly related to sample size as to be rendered meaningless.     

风险偏好预测中的性别差异和框架效应

11 8名大学生被试在得益和损失两种任务框架下对自己、其他男性和女性的风险偏好进行了预测。结果发现 ,被试在损失框架下对各类对象风险偏好的预测均高于得益框架 ,且都高估了男性的风险偏好 ,低估了女性的风险偏好。在损失框架下 ,女性被试对各类对象的风险偏好预测高于男性的预测。研究认为 ,性别原型知识、任务框架和即时情绪共同影响被试的风险偏好预测。     

先苦后乐:英语乐学大学生在英语学习时情绪反应的脑认知特点

运用功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)技术探索了乐学英语的大学生在对中、英文材料的学习、记忆及成绩反馈过程中的情绪和脑活动特征。结果发现,被试学习英文较之学习中文积极情绪更少且伴随更强的前部脑岛的激活;但当他们获得关于英文成绩的正反馈时,中脑奖赏区的激活却明显高于获得中文成绩正反馈时的情形,且中脑激活与英语乐学呈正相关。这说明乐学是"苦中作乐",人们虽在学习时并未体验到更多快乐,但其成功却带来了更大的心理奖赏。     

权力感对个体的影响:调节定向的视角

采用4个研究探究了权力感对调节定向的影响。研究1通过测量被试的特质性权力感和特质性调节定向初步探索权力感水平与调节定向的关系。研究2和研究3分别通过外显角色扮演和故事回忆法来探究状态性权力感对调节定向目标表征和策略选择的影响。研究4采用身体姿势法启动权力感,进一步探究在内隐层面权力感对调节定向的影响。结果发现,高权力感个体更倾向于促进定向;而低权力感个体更倾向于预防定向,并且排除了其中可能的无关变量(情绪)的影响。本研究有助于更好地理解和整合现有的权力感研究结果,并能预测更多未知的权力感效应。     

医患双方“集体无意识”现象的剖析及破解对策——从追求“最优解”,到争取“满意解”

分析了医疗领域积极诊查、过度治疗等问题,认为这是医患双方的集体无意识行为,其表现众多,驱动因素复杂,在肿瘤领域问题尤为严重,表现在过度追求筛查,热衷于创伤性治疗,习惯于滥用靶向药等最新治疗,且只追求最优结局。集体无意识的促成因素众多,包括对健康及生命的注重,科学主义的盛行,认为医学就是纯粹的科学,凡科学总有解决的办法,且完美主义作祟等思潮,都是背后的思想理路。最后提出,破解方法之一是倡导用争取“满意解”来替代追求“最优解”,很多情况下,应推广“够好了就可以了”的决策思维。     

数字媒体使用与心理健康的理论争议和研究证据

采用系统综述的方法对数字媒体使用与心理健康的不同关系类型做了详细梳理并总结了争议的原因。结果发现,目前理论上的争议可归纳为四大类：负相关、正相关、不相关以及U形关系。研究结果不一致的原因可能与数字媒体的使用性质、心理健康的内涵、研究的取向和设计形式以及被试群体有关。该结果有助于从宏观上把握数字媒体使用与心理健康的研究动态并批判性地看待既有研究结果。未来应将数字媒体使用做精细化区分并加强实验研究准确揭示因果关系,以便厘清该领域的争论。

     

药用曲的发展历史及其当代价值

酒曲初始应用为酿酒,后我国先民发现酒曲可以用于治疗疾病便将其纳入方剂之中,方剂中的酒曲又逐渐演化成专供药用的药用曲。药用曲在我国古代各个时期具有鲜明的特征,在曲类药物的溯源研究中具有导向性作用。至1956年,《中药成药配制经验介绍》正式提出“曲剂”的名词概念和相关标准,药用曲的完整内涵得以呈现。随着传统中医与西方现代医学的交流与融合,药用曲的工艺科学价值、医药文化价值和学术启示价值得以重塑,其当代价值和实用意义进一步被明确。药用曲的发展历史折射出了我国酒曲药用的深厚认知观念和文化内涵。

     

从古今医学观论昼寝与身心健康

昼寝,最早出自于《论语》的“宰予昼寝”,谓当昼而寐,即意为日间小憩。中医学非常肯定睡眠的作用, 昼寝的传统中医理论包括阴阳睡眠学说、营卫睡眠学说和神主睡眠学说。结合目前的研究证据从心理和生理两方面概述了昼寝对人体健康的影响。昼寝在心理层面能改善主观的困倦和疲劳程度,还能改善认知能力和记忆能力,提高注意力、警觉性。在生理层面,昼寝与否及昼寝时长与一些心脑血管疾病、内分泌疾病、呼吸系统疾病患病风险密切相关。研究发现昼寝对人体健康的影响存在两面性,应根据身体状态、作息习惯等因人制宜。