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151.
When people discuss their memories, what one person says can influence what another person reports. In 3 studies, participants were shown sets of stimuli and then given recognition memory tests to measure the effect of one person's response on another's. The 1st study (n = 24) used word recognition with participant-confederate pairs and found that the effect of confederate responses on participant responses was larger for previously unseen items than for previously seen items (omega(p) = .23). This finding was replicated in the 2nd study, which used photographs of cars (n = 24). In the 3rd study (n = 54), which used photographs of faces with participant pairs, the effect was also larger for unseen items. Results indicate that people rely more on other people's memories for unremembered objects than for remembered objects. This is important for both theories of memory and applications (e.g., witnesses talking, students studying together). 相似文献
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154.
The current research investigated one possible mechanism underlying false memories in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. In the DRM paradigm, participants who study lists of related words (e.g., "table, sitting, bench ...") frequently report detailed memories for the centrally related but non-presented critical lure (e.g., "chair"). One possibility is that participants covertly call to mind the critical non-presented lure during the study phase, and later misattribute memory for this internally generated event to its external presentation. To investigate this, the DRM paradigm was modified to allow collection of on-line thoughts during the study phase. False recognition increased following generation during study. False recognition also increased following study of longer lists; this effect was partially explained by the fact that longer lists were more likely to elicit generations of the critical lure during study. Generation of the lure during study contributes to later false recognition, although it does not explain the entire effect. 相似文献
155.
In two experiments, subjects were given arbitrary letter cues or meaningful word cues that specified the task to be performed
on a subsequent target stimulus. Letter and word cues were presented in separate blocks. There were two cues of each type
for each task. Three kinds of transitions separated tasks:cue repetitions, in which both the cue and the task repeated;task repetitions, in which the cue changed but the task repeated; andtask alternations, in which both the cue and the task changed. Responses were faster for cue than for task repetitions for both cue types.
With word cues, task repetitions were not reliably faster than task alternations. With letter cues, task repetitions were
reliably faster than task alternations in the first block but not in the second block. The results suggest that subjects responded
to the compound of the cue and the target rather than switching task set between trials. 相似文献
156.
Fischer H Fransson P Wright CI Bäckman L 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2004,4(3):326-334
Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent signal was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging in 24 healthy young subjects
(12 men and 12 women) during viewing of angry, fearful, and neutral male and female face pictures. Exposure to angry male
as opposed to angry female faces activated the visual cortex and the anterior cingulate gyrus significantly more in men than
in women. A similar sex-differential brain activation pattern was present during exposure to fearful but not neutral faces.
Previous behavioral studies indicate enhanced physiological arousal in men but not in women during exposure to angry male
as opposed to female faces, and brain imaging studies have shown that the occipital cortex and the anterior cingulate gyrus
are influenced by activity in the autonomic nervous system as well as by visual attention. Hence, we suggest that the elevated
occipital and anterior cingulate activation in men during confrontation with other angry and fearful males may reflect enhanced
vigilance in a potentially dangerous situation. 相似文献
157.
This study examines University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT; R. L. Doty, 1995) performance in 133 controls and 54 chronic, medicated outpatients with schizophrenia (SZ) using item-response theory modeling. Results show that UPSIT items contribute to 1 factor, cover a range of 8 standard errors of measurement, and articulate 3 ability levels. Although it is not difficult enough to discriminate among persons of above-average ability, the test has diagnostic utility in detecting moderate impairment. Independent of item difficulty, 13 items differentiate patients from controls. When 45 patients and 45 controls were matched on gender and age, patient accuracy remained significantly reduced. The findings support the test's utility and demonstrate how traditional data analysis is insensitive to complexities in test performance. 相似文献
158.
Elvevåg B Brown GD McCormack T Vousden JI Goldberg TE 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2004,113(4):509-521
Patients with schizophrenia display numerous cognitive deficits, including problems in working memory, time estimation, and absolute identification of stimuli. Research in these fields has traditionally been conducted independently. We examined these cognitive processes using tasks that are structurally similar and that yield rich error data. Relative to healthy control participants (n = 20), patients with schizophrenia (n = 20) were impaired on a duration identification task and a probed-recall memory task but not on a line-length identification task. These findings do not support the notion of a global impairment in absolute identification in schizophrenia. However, the authors suggest that some aspect of temporal information processing is indeed disturbed in schizophrenia. 相似文献
159.
The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the psychological impact of remote exposure to the events and aftermath of the terrorist attacks in the USA on September 11th, 2001, and to assess what differences, if any, exist between individuals classified with probable panic disorder and those without. Telephone interviews were conducted with 122 residents of the capital city of the Canadian prairie province of Saskatchewan in spring 2002 in order to gather information regarding current mood, fears and avoidance behaviours as well as current post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms specific to September 11th. Consistent with previous findings and despite the remote nature of exposure, results indicated that the psychological well-being and behaviour of participants with probable panic disorder was more adversely affected by the events and aftermath of September 11th than those without panic disorder. These results suggest that remote viewing of traumatic events can have a significant and lingering impact on psychological well-being and behaviour and that these effects are more pronounced in those with panic disorder. Implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed. 相似文献
160.
Horse-race model simulations of the stop-signal procedure 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
In the stop-signal paradigm, subjects perform a standard two-choice reaction task in which, occasionally and unpredictably, a stop-signal is presented requiring the inhibition of the response to the choice signal. The stop-signal paradigm has been successfully applied to assess the ability to inhibit under a wide range of experimental conditions and in various populations. The current study presents a set of evidence-based guidelines for using the stop-signal paradigm. The evidence was derived from a series of simulations aimed at (a) examining the effects of experimental design features on inhibition indices, and (b) testing the assumptions of the horse-race model that underlies the stop-signal paradigm. The simulations indicate that, under most conditions, the latency, but not variability, of response inhibition can be reliably estimated. 相似文献