Projecting pastoral care in revival preaching: Billy Graham

Conclusion How may the evangelist project pastoral care in his preaching? This discussion sought to delineate some of the answers to this question. However, these cannot become answers for any herald of the Gospel unless he exercises an honest, sustained, self-critical probe into the inter-relatedness of his own being, attitudes toward congregants, and preaching. Erich Fromm asserts: There is no concept of man in which I myself am not included.²⁹ Likewise, there is no discussion of preaching or of a preacher in which each minister should not include himself-self-evaluatively, perhaps confessionally.     

FOCAL,FORTRAN, and BASIC programs for reformatting and analyzing data collected by the SKED program

Several programs have been written in the FOCAL, FORTRAN, and BASIC languages for reformatting and analyzing SKED data. These programs include selection and explicit labeling of sets of recording counters representing distributions and/or total counts of events, several general manipulations of distributional data, and standard statistical treatment of distributions.     

Contextual relations: The influence of familiarity,physical plausibility,and belongingness

Individual differences were obtained in a task requiring the same-different comparison of multiobject scenes. For some Ss, performance depended only on whether the objects were in a physically plausible arrangement. It was inferred that these Ss used internalized rule systems to interrelate arrays of objects into organized scenes. For the other Ss, performance depended on whether the objects belonged together, and whether their arrangement was familiar. It was inferred that these Ss dealt with each object on an individual basis, using information concerning belongingness and familiarity of arrangement to anticipate which objects would be present and where they would be located.     

Individual differences in the detection of embedded figures

The individual differences in processing obtained by Hock (1973) were extended to two experiments in which the embedded figures test was recast into the form of a yes-no reaction time task. Ss emphasizing analytic processes detected the embedded figures more rapidly than Ss emphasizing structural processes, supporting the hypothesis that attention to the parts of the embedded figures was the strategy most appropriate for the task. Based on the interaction between familiarity (normal vs rotated orientation) and embeddedness (intact vs embedded figures), it was concluded in both experiments that familiarity facilitated the detection of the embedded figures for analytic Ss. For structural Ss, familiarity was similarly found to facilitate the detection of the embedded figures, but only when a template-matching strategy was possible (when the target figure and the embedded figure were physically identical).     

Visual proprioceptive control of standing in human infants

Human infants learning to stand use visual proprioceptive information about body sway in order to maintain stable posture. Moreover, the visual proprioceptive information is more potent than the nonvisual. This is shown by an experiment in which infants were caused to sway and even fall forward or backward in response to appropriate visual stimulation.     

Second-order schedules with fixed-ratio components: variation of component size

Key pecking by pigeons was reinforced with food under second-order schedules with fixed-ratio units. A constant total number of key pecks was required for reinforcement under each condition, but the size and, inversely, number of fixed-ratio components were varied. The total response requirement of 256 pecks was divided into fixed-ratio units of 128, 64, 32, 8, and 2 responses. A brief stimulus, which always preceded food reinforcement, was presented upon completion of each fixed-ratio unit. Under most conditions, the pattern of within-unit responding was typical of that under simple fixed-ratio schedules. Overall response rate was an inverted U-shaped function of component size. That is, response rates were highest under moderate sized units (fixed ratio 128 and 64). This relationship is consistent with previous determinations of rate as a function of fixed-ratio value for simple fixed-ratio schedules.     

Binocular stereopsis without spatial disparity

Binocular stereopsis has traditionally been studied mainly under static viewing conditions. There has consequently been the tendency to view binocular stereopsis only in terms of the pickup of purely spatial (time-frozen) disparity. However, whenever there is movement of objects or the 0, the structure of the light entering each eye undergoes continuous change, and so a different type of disparity—kinetic disparity—is made potentially available to the binocular system. That kinetic disparity can, in fact, be picked up is shown by the present experiment, in which there was no spatial disparity information available about the three-dimensional motion path of an object; only kinetic disparity information was available. This suggests that a clear distinction should be made between binocular-static and binocular-kinetic space perception.