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281.
Gordon Hodson 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2022,113(3):853-871
We overwhelmingly utilize (partially) informed consent for, and debriefing of, human research participants. Also common is the practice of reconsent, particularly where changes in study protocols (or in participants themselves) occur midstream – participants consent again to remaining in the project or to having their data included. Worryingly under-discussed is post-debriefing reconsent, wherein participants can withdraw their data after learning more fully of the study's goals and methods. Yet, major ethics bodies in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom promote such practice, with vague and potentially problematic guidelines. Here, the author provides examples involving such reconsent practice, highlighting potentially serious problems that are scientific (e.g. threats to internal and external validity) and ethical (i.e. to the participant, their peers, the researcher and society) in nature. Particularly, problematic is the introduction, by design, of unknowable bias in our research findings. For example, highly prejudiced participants could withdraw data from a discrimination study after learning of the study's hypotheses and goals. The practice may arguably contradict an Open Science goal of increasing research transparency. This call for discussion about the direction of psychological science methods aims to engage a broader discussion in the research community. 相似文献
282.
Separating cue encoding from target processing in the explicit task-cuing procedure: are there "true" task switch effects? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Arrington CM Logan GD Schneider DW 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2007,33(3):484-502
Six experiments were conducted to separate cue encoding from target processing in explicitly cued task switching to determine whether task switch effects could be separated from cue encoding effects and to determine the nature of the representations produced by cue encoding. Subjects were required to respond to the cue, indicating which cue was presented (Experiments 1, 3a, and 4a) or which task was cued (Experiments 2, 3b, and 4b), before performing the cued task on the target. Cue encoding was successfully separated from target processing when the cue response indicated which task was cued but not when it indicated which cue was presented. Task switch effects were found when this separation was successful, suggesting that there are "true" task switch effects independent of cue encoding. Analysis of the conditions required for successful separation suggested that cue encoding results in a semantic categorical representation of the task to be performed rather than verbal or phonological representations of individual cues. Implications for the authors' past modeling of task-switching performance are discussed. 相似文献
283.
Gordon B. Forbes Linda L. Collinsworth Rebecca L. Jobe Kristen D. Braun Leslie M. Wise 《Sex roles》2007,56(5-6):265-273
Relationships between the endorsement of Western beauty ideals and practices and measures of hostility toward women and sexism were studied in 159 college men and 194 college women. The participants were predominately 18 or 19 years of age and of European American ethnicity. Correlations were computed between five factor analytically derived measures of beauty ideals and practices, two measures of the thin body ideal, and the following measures: Hostility toward Women Scale (HTWS; Lonsway & Fitzgerald, 1995), Attitudes toward Women Scale (AWS; Spence & Helmreich, 1978), and the two subscales of the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI; Glick & Fiske, 1996): hostile sexism (ASI-H) and benevolent sexism (ASI-B). It was found that endorsement of Western beauty ideals and practices was associated with hostility toward women, traditional sexism, hostile sexism, and, to a lesser extent, benevolent sexism. Results support feminist critiques of beauty practices as oppressive. 相似文献
284.
David A. Frederick Gordon B. Forbes Kristina E. Grigorian Johanna M. Jarcho 《Sex roles》2007,57(5-6):317-327
This study examined whether objectification theory is useful for understanding gender, body mass, and ethnic differences in body satisfaction among 2,206 US undergraduates who completed a body image survey. Women reported lower body satisfaction than men (d?=?.37) and this was true across the majority of the BMI continuum. Very slender men, however, were less satisfied than very slender women who approached the female thin-ideal. Differences in body satisfaction among White, Asian, and Hispanic participants were small to moderate (ds?=?.18 to .45). Consistent with the prediction that self-objectification has particularly negative effects on women who deviate from the slender White ideal, the association between body dissatisfaction and appearance surveillance was strongest for heavier and minority women. 相似文献
285.
286.
We find that approximately one third (29%) of independent inventors continue to spend money and 51% continue to spend time on projects after receiving highly diagnostic advice to cease effort. Using survey data from actual inventors, this paper studies the role of overconfidence, optimism, and the sunk‐cost bias in these decisions. We find that inventors are more overconfident and optimistic than the general population. We also find that optimism and past expenditures increased perseverance after being told to quit, while overconfidence in judgment ability had no effect. After being told to quit, optimists spend 166% more than pessimists and those having already spent, for example, $10 000 spend another $10 000. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
287.
Gordon L. Flett Paul L. Hewitt Teresa Whelan Thomas R. Martin 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2007,25(4):255-277
Two studies were conducted to examine the psychometric properties and correlates of the Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory
(PCI) when administered to clinical samples. The PCI is a 25-item measure of automatic thoughts with themes involving perfectionism
and beliefs that perfection should be attained. Analyses indicated that the PCI is unidimensional and it has adequate internal
consistency. Correlational analyses confirmed that the PCI is associated with psychological distress and deficits in cognitive
self-management, including lack of self-reinforcement, lack of a positive self-focus, and perfectionistic inflexibility. Moreover,
tests of incremental validity revealed that the PCI accounts for unique variance in levels of anxiety and depression symptoms
after removing variance attributable to trait perfectionism dimensions. Overall, the findings suggest that automatic thoughts
involving perfectionistic themes can be assessed in a reliable and valid manner in clinical samples. Moreover, it is important
to assess perfectionism cognitions as a supplement to trait perfectionism measures when evaluating the role of perfectionism
in psychological distress and associated deficits in cognitive self-control.
This research was supported by major research grants from Health Canada and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council
(SSHRC) of Canada to the first two authors, and a Canada Research Chair in Personality & Health awarded to the first author.
The fourth author, Thomas Martin, is now deceased and this paper is dedicated to his memory. 相似文献
288.
289.
Necessity and Apriority 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gordon Prescott Barnes 《Philosophical Studies》2007,132(3):495-523
The classical view of the relationship between necessity and apriority, defended by Leibniz and Kant, is that all necessary
truths are known a priori. The classical view is now almost universally rejected, ever since Saul Kripke and Hilary Putnam
discovered that there are necessary truths that are known only a posteriori. However, in recent years a new debate has emerged
over the epistemology of these necessary a posteriori truths. According to one view – call it the neo-classical view – knowledge
of a necessary truth always depends on at least one item of a priori knowledge. According to the rival view – call it the
neoempiricist view – our knowledge of necessity is sometimes broadly empirical. In this paper I present and defend an argument
against the neo-empiricist view. I argue that knowledge of the necessity of a necessary truth could not be broadly empirical. 相似文献
290.
The Violence Risk Scale-Sexual Offender version (VRS-SO) is a rating scale designed to assess risk and predict sexual recidivism, to measure and link treatment changes to sexual recidivism, and to inform the delivery of sexual offender treatment. The VRS-SO comprises 7 static and 17 dynamic items empirically or conceptually linked to sexual recidivism. Dynamic items with higher ratings identify treatment targets linked to sexual offending. A modified stages of change model assesses the offender's treatment readiness and change. File-based VRS-SO ratings were completed on 321 sex offenders followed up an average of 10 years post-release. VRS-SO scores predicted sexual and nonsexual violent recidivism post-release and demonstrated acceptable interrater reliability and concurrent validity. A factor analysis of the dynamic items generated 3 factors labeled Sexual Deviance, Criminality, and Treatment Responsivity, all of which predicted sexual recidivism and were differentially associated with different sex offender types. The dynamic items together made incremental contributions to sexual recidivism prediction after static risk was controlled for. Positive changes in the dynamic items, measured at pre- and posttreatment, were significantly related to reductions in sexual recidivism after risk and follow-up time were controlled for, suggesting that dynamic items are indeed dynamic or changeable in nature. 相似文献