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Lynn H. Parker Michael F. Cataldo Gordon Bourland Cleeve S. Emurian Roger J. Corbin Jeanne M. Page 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1984,17(4):413-427
The popularity and reported success of biofeedback treatment for neuromuscular disorders has occurred despite a lack of research identifying the critical variables responsible for therapeutic gain. In this study, we assessed the degree to which severe neurological dysfunction could be improved by using one of the components present in all biofeedback treatment, contingency management. Three cases of orofacial dysfunction were treated by reinforcing specific improvements reliably detectable without the use of biofeedback equipment. The results showed that contingency management procedures alone were sufficient to improve overt motor responses but, unlike biofeedback treatment, did not produce decreases in the hypertonic muscle groups associated with the trained motor behavior. The findings suggest that sophisticated, expensive biofeedback equipment may not be necessary in treating some neuromuscular disorders and that important clinical gains may be achieved by redesigning the patient's daily environment to be contingently therapeutic, rather than only accommodating the disabilities of the physically handicapped. 相似文献
334.
Paul Broks Gordon Claridge Jessica Matheson John Hargreaves 《Personality and individual differences》1984,5(6):665-670
An experiment is reported examining the story-comprehension performance of normal Ss under left ear, right ear and binaural listening conditions, the results being related to scores on the schizotypy (STA) scale of a previously described questionnaire (STQ). Hypotheses were derived from the observations of other investigators that schizophrenics and the children of schizophrenics show impaired binaural relative to monaural and poor left ear performance on the task; a pilot study had indicated that this might also be the case in normal high STA scorers. Results of the main experiment failed to confirm predictions, though in male Ss several significant effects were observed. High schizotypals showed weakened asymmetry, reflected in better left ear relative to right ear performance, compared with low schizotypals; they also showed a smaller binaural/left ear difference. Some reasons for the discrepancy between these and previous findings using a similar task are considered and the results are discussed in relation to other studies of schizotypy and hemisphere function carried out in our laboratory. 相似文献
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Two experiments investigated how much time Ss take to verify a sentence with respect to a set of subject-verb-object (SVO) propositions they had learned. Three triplets of SVOs provided differing degrees of equivocation, including (1) unique SVOs, (2) a V with 3 SOs, and (3) an SV with 3 Os. A general class of models was proposed regarding the representation of prepositional trees in memory and an algorithm by which a probe tree might be verified against a set of trees in memory. In Expt I, verification times were least for Condition (1), slower and equal for Conditions (2) and (3). In Expt II, a fourth condition, an SO with 3 Vs, produced verification times as slow as those in Condition (3). Of several models considered, the closest-fitting one assumed parallel search processes proceeding simultaneously from S, V, and O positions of the probe, scanning through memory trees structered according to the HAM (Human Associative Memory) theory of Anderson and Bower. 相似文献
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A new method is introduced for assessing children's component selection—i.e., the disposition to attend to a single feature of multifaceted stimuli. Eight-year-old children were found to exercise component selection to a lesser degree than 4-year-olds; while children at both age levels attended primarily to one stimulus component (shape), the older children showed a moderate amount of attention to a secondary redundant feature (color) as well. However, a comparable age difference in attention deployment was not observed when a single stimulus dimension (shape) was “relevant” in two variant tasks. These results imply a developmentally increasing ability to distinguish between conditions in which attending to redundant stimulus information can and cannot be useful. That this ability undergoes little further development beyond age 8 was suggested in a second experiment with 8- and 12-year-olds in which the three tasks produced relatively similar developmental trends in performance. 相似文献
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Gordon G. Bechtel 《Psychometrika》1973,38(3):379-392
A model containing linear and nonlinear parameters (e. g., a spatial multidimensional scaling model) is viewed as a linear model with free and constrained parameters. Since the rank deficiency of the design matrix for the linear model determines the number of side conditions needed to identify its parameters, the design matrix acts as a guide in identifying the parameters of the nonlinear model. Moreover, if the design matrix and the uniqueness conditions constitute anorthogonal linear model, then the associated error sum of squares may be expressed in a form which separates the free and constrained parameters. This immediately provides least squares estimates of the free parameters, while simplifying the least squares problem for those which are constrained. When the least squares estimates for a nonlinear model are obtained in this way,i.e. by conceptualizing it as a submodel, the final error sum of squares for the nonlinear model will be arestricted minimum whenever the side conditions of the model become real restrictions upon its submodel. In this case the design matrix for the embracing orthogonal model serves as a guide in introducing parameters into the nonlinear model as well as in identifying these parameters. The method of overwriting a nonlinear model with an orthogonal linear model is illustrated with two different spatial analyses of a three-way preference table. 相似文献