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781.
Memory studies utilizing long-term repetition priming have generally demonstrated that priming is greater for low-frequency than for high-frequency words and that this effect persists if words intervene between the prime and the target. In contrast, word-recognition studies utilizing masked short-term repetition priming have typically shown that the magnitude of repetition priming does not differ as a function of word frequency and does not persist across intervening words. We conducted an eyetracking-while-reading experiment to determine which of these patterns more closely resembles the relationship between frequency and repetition during the natural reading of a text. Frequency was manipulated using proper names that were either high-frequency (e.g., Stephen) or low-frequency (e.g., Dominic). The critical name was later repeated in the sentence, or a new name was introduced. First-pass reading times and skipping rates on the critical name revealed robust repetition-by-frequency interactions, such that the magnitude of the repetition-priming effect was greater for low-frequency than for high-frequency names. In contrast, measures of later processing showed effects of repetition that did not depend on lexical frequency. These results are interpreted within a framework that conceptualizes eye-movement control as being influenced in different ways by lexical- and discourse-level factors. 相似文献
782.
Louis D. Brown Theodore R. Alter Leigh Gordon Brown Marilyn A. Corbin Claire Flaherty-Craig Lindsay G. McPhail Pauline Nevel Kimbra Shoop Glenn Sterner III Thomas E. Terndrup M. Ellen Weaver 《American journal of community psychology》2013,51(1-2):206-216
Community research and action projects undertaken by community–university partnerships can lead to contextually appropriate and sustainable community improvements in rural and urban localities. However, effective implementation is challenging and prone to failure when poorly executed. The current paper seeks to inform rural community–university partnership practice through consideration of first-person accounts from five stakeholders in the Rural Embedded Assistants for Community Health (REACH) Network. The REACH Network is a unique community–university partnership aimed at improving rural health services by identifying, implementing, and evaluating innovative health interventions delivered by local caregivers. The first-person accounts provide an insider’s perspective on the nature of collaboration. The unique perspectives identify three critical challenges facing the REACH Network: trust, coordination, and sustainability. Through consideration of the challenges, we identified several strategies for success. We hope readers can learn their own lessons when considering the details of our partnership’s efforts to improve the delivery infrastructure for rural healthcare. 相似文献
783.
A clear differentiation between artists and nonartists was found in both formal quantitative and informal qualitative analyses. The results of the present study lend statistical support to the discriminatory power of the Rorschach in identifying artistic creativity. Artists and nonartists were carefully matched as to sex, age, verbal intelligence and education. The Rorschach Group Method was utilized to compare the two groups on all formal scoring categories of both the Klopfer and Beck systems. In addition to formal scoring, possible discriminating aspects in the verbalization of responses were analyzed qualitatively. 相似文献
784.
Andrews JA Hampson SE Greenwald AG Gordon J Widdop C 《Journal of applied social psychology》2010,40(9):2387-2406
The development and psychometric properties of an Implicit Association Test (IAT) measuring implicit attitude toward smoking among fifth grade children were described. The IAT with "sweets" as the contrast category resulted in higher correlations with explicit attitudes than did the IAT with "healthy foods" as the contrast category. Children with family members who smoked (versus non-smoking) and children who were high in sensation seeking (versus low) had a significantly more favorable implicit attitude toward smoking. Further, implicit attitudes became less favorable after engaging in tobacco prevention activities targeting risk perceptions of addiction. Results support the reliability and validity of this version of the IAT and illustrate its usefulness in assessing young children's implicit attitude toward smoking. 相似文献
785.
Two experiments evaluated skilled typists’ ability to report knowledge about the layout of keys on a standard keyboard. In
Experiment 1, subjects judged the relative direction of letters on the computer keyboard. One group of subjects was asked
to imagine the keyboard, one group was allowed to look at the keyboard, and one group was asked to type the letter pair before
judging relative direction. The imagine group had larger angular error and longer response time than both the look and touch
groups. In Experiment 2, subjects placed one key relative to another. Again, the imagine group had larger angular error, larger
distance error, and longer response time than the other groups. The two experiments suggest that skilled typists have poor
explicit knowledge of key locations. The results are interpreted in terms of a model with two hierarchical parts in the system
controlling typewriting. 相似文献
786.
Hay DF Perra O Hudson K Waters CS Mundy L Phillips R Goodyer I Harold G Thapar A van Goozen S;CCDS Team 《Aggressive behavior》2010,36(6):351-357
Our aim was to develop an age-appropriate measure of early manifestations of aggression. We constructed a questionnaire about normative developmental milestones into which a set of items measuring infants' use of physical force against people and expressed anger were included. These items comprise the Cardiff Infant Contentiousness Scale (CICS). Evidence for the reliability and validity of the CICS is provided from analyses of a sample of N=310 British infants, assessed at a mean age of 6 months as part of a larger longitudinal study of the development of aggression. The informants' CICS ratings demonstrated reasonable levels of internal consistency and interrater agreement. Informants' ratings were validated by observations of infants' distress in response to restraint in a car seat. Longitudinal analyses revealed that contentiousness was stable over time and that contentiousness at 6 months predicted infants' later use of force with peers. When used in the company of other methods, the simple four-item CICS scale could serve as a useful screen for early manifestations of aggressiveness in human infants. 相似文献
787.
Konrad Bresin Kathryn H. Gordon Theodore W. Bender Linda J. Gordon Thomas E. JoinerJr. 《Motivation and emotion》2010,34(3):280-287
In general, organisms are motivated to avoid stimuli that induce pain. However, some individuals intentionally inflict pain
on themselves (e.g., nonsuicidal self-injury) and report doing so for the perceived emotional benefits following the experience
of pain. Two controlled laboratory studies sought to expand upon the relatively limited literature on the effects of pain
on emotion. In Study 1, participants provided momentary affect ratings immediately before and after experiencing physical
pain. Results demonstrated that both positive affect and negative affect (NA) decreased following the experience of pain.
In the Study 2, we examined the effect that individual differences in emotional reactivity had on affective reactions to pain.
Individuals high in emotional reactivity experienced larger decreases in NA following the experience of pain than individuals
who were low in emotional reactivity. Our findings may potentially explain why some individuals intentionally seek out the
experience of pain. 相似文献
788.
Robert B. McCall Christina J. Groark Larry Fish Diane Harkins Gabriela Serrano Karen Gordon 《Infant mental health journal》2010,31(5):521-542
A pilot intervention that emphasized training and technical assistance to promote warm, sensitive, and responsive one‐on‐one caregiver–child interactions primarily during feeding and bathing/changing was implemented using regular staff in a depressed orphanage for children birth to approximately 8 years of age in Latin America. Despite a variety of unanticipated irregularities in the implementation of the intervention, many beyond the researchers' control, ward environments improved; caregivers displayed more warm, sensitive, and responsive interactions with children; and children improved an average of 13.5 developmental quotient (DQ) points after 4+ months' exposure to the completed intervention. Furthermore, 82% of the children had DQs greater than 70 before the intervention, but only 27.8% did so afterward. Although the training for all caregivers was aimed at children birth to 3 years, the number of different caregivers was reduced, and technical assistance was provided only to caregivers serving children less than 3 years, younger and older children (3–8 years) improved approximately the same amount. However, children who were transitioned from a younger to an older ward during the intervention improved less than did children who remained in either a younger or an older ward, the first evidence suggesting that the common orphanage practice of periodically graduating children from one homogeneous age group to another may impede their development. The study is consistent with others that have shown that orphanages can be changed, and increases primarily in warm, sensitive, responsive caregiver–child interactions can produce improvements in children's development. 相似文献
789.
Brent C. Vander Wyk Gordon J. RamsayCaitlin M. Hudac Warren JonesDavid Lin Ami KlinSu Mei Lee Kevin A. Pelphrey 《Brain and cognition》2010
Using fMRI we investigated the neural basis of audio–visual processing of speech and non-speech stimuli using physically similar auditory stimuli (speech and sinusoidal tones) and visual stimuli (animated circles and ellipses). Relative to uni-modal stimuli, the different multi-modal stimuli showed increased activation in largely non-overlapping areas. Ellipse-Speech, which most resembles naturalistic audio–visual speech, showed higher activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus, fusiform gyri, left posterior superior temporal sulcus, and lateral occipital cortex. Circle-Tone, an arbitrary audio–visual pairing with no speech association, activated middle temporal gyri and lateral occipital cortex. Circle-Speech showed activation in lateral occipital cortex, and Ellipse-Tone did not show increased activation relative to uni-modal stimuli. Further analysis revealed that middle temporal regions, although identified as multi-modal only in the Circle-Tone condition, were more strongly active to Ellipse-Speech or Circle-Speech, but regions that were identified as multi-modal for Ellipse-Speech were always strongest for Ellipse-Speech. Our results suggest that combinations of auditory and visual stimuli may together be processed by different cortical networks, depending on the extent to which multi-modal speech or non-speech percepts are evoked. 相似文献
790.