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211.
As modern deep networks become more complex, and get closer to human-like capabilities in certain domains, the question arises as to how the representations and decision rules they learn compare to the ones in humans. In this work, we study representations of sentences in one such artificial system for natural language processing. We first present a diagnostic test dataset to examine the degree of abstract composable structure represented. Analyzing performance on these diagnostic tests indicates a lack of systematicity in representations and decision rules, and reveals a set of heuristic strategies. We then investigate the effect of training distribution on learning these heuristic strategies, and we study changes in these representations with various augmentations to the training set. Our results reveal parallels to the analogous representations in people. We find that these systems can learn abstract rules and generalize them to new contexts under certain circumstances—similar to human zero-shot reasoning. However, we also note some shortcomings in this generalization behavior—similar to human judgment errors like belief bias. Studying these parallels suggests new ways to understand psychological phenomena in humans as well as informs best strategies for building artificial intelligence with human-like language understanding. 相似文献
212.
The authors surveyed university faculty to investigate whether the Schlossberg 4S Transition Model was a useful way to look at retirement adjustment. Participants were asked questions regarding aspects of situation, self, support, and strategies before and after retirement. Results are described in relation to overall retirement satisfaction. 相似文献
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Significant epistemological shifts took place during the modern period that led to the exclusion of ethical constructs of
the human self. Subsequently, ethics or morality was systematically divorced from reason and human identity. This has left
modern psychologies with impoverished languages for understanding morality and ethics, especially as it relates to human identity.
Some of these changes and their subsequent effects are chronicled. Toward this end, three unique influences of the modern
era are surveyed. First, it is argued that the nature of reasoning and rationality underwent a significant shift in definition
and emphasis, becoming autonomous and secular. Second, it is suggested that the scope of inquiry was restricted to the natural
order, creating an immanentization of knowledge. Lastly, it is argued that modernity ushered in a promotion of and preoccupation
with the individual subject. The context of each influence are explored, along with a subsection in each describing how the
effects of these impacted the growing divorce between ethics and human identity. 相似文献
216.
Psychological research and theory are inherently political and social practices. As such, these authors assert that social
justice must be a primary concern of the psychological sciences. In case study format, the authors use the exceptional lives
and works of continental philosopher Emmanuel Levinas and social psychologist Ignacio Martín-Baró to exemplify the recognition
that justice must be centrally infused into psychological thought and practice. The life and work of philosopher Levinas is
characterized by a concern for how Western philosophy has funded constructs of selfhood and identity that have created moral
anemia and hampered our responsibility to others. Martín-Baró, a prominent Latin American researcher and educator, found research
to be a powerful tool to expose oppressive social systems and widespread deception in an effort to end unjust practices, thereby
affecting social change. Biographical material and details concerning their systems of research and thought will be used to
illustrate what it means to engage in morally-just research and theorizing within the field of psychology. 相似文献
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Kimberly L. Goodman Andres De Los Reyes Catherine P. Bradshaw 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2010,13(4):366-383
Discrepancies often occur among informants’ reports of various domains of child and family functioning and are particularly
common between parent and child reports of youth violence exposure. However, recent work suggests that discrepancies between
parent and child reports predict subsequent poorer child outcomes. We propose a preliminary conceptual model (Discrepancies
in Victimization Implicate Developmental Effects [DiVIDE]) that considers how and why discrepancies between parents’ and youths’
ratings of child victimization may be related to poor adjustment outcomes. The model addresses how dyadic processes, such
as the parent–youth relationship and youths’ information management, might contribute to discrepancies. We also consider coping
processes that explain why discrepancies may predict increases in youth maladjustment. Based on this preliminary conceptual
framework, we offer suggestions and future directions for researchers who encounter conflicting reports of community violence
exposure and discuss why the proposed model is relevant to interventions for victimized youths. 相似文献
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