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51.
Many studies have shown that newborns prefer (e.g. Goren, Sarty & Wu, 1975; Valenza, Simion, Macchi Cassia & Umiltà, 1996) and recognize (e.g. Bushnell, Say & Mullin, 1989; Pascalis & de Schonen, 1994) faces. However, it is not known whether, at birth, faces are still preferred and recognized when some of their parts are not visible because hindered by other configurations, that is when faces are partly occluded. Also, it is not known whether newborns' preference for an upright over an inverted face and newborns' face recognition are differentially affected depending on the salience of the occluded face features. Seventy-seven newborns (mean age of 43.5 hrs) were tested using the preferential looking (Experiment 1) and the habituation techniques (Experiment 2). Results demonstrated that newborns prefer and recognize occluded faces even if some portions of them are not available, at least when the hindered features are not salient. On the contrary, these abilities are affected by obscuring high salience facial features (i.e. eyes). However, while in the case of face detection, eyes occlusion completely prevented newborns' face detection, in the case of face recognition an analogous stimulus manipulation heavily impaired, but did not totally preclude, newborns' recognition performance. The data collected improve our comprehension of newborns' way of processing and encoding information to detect and recognize faces. 相似文献
52.
Romina Mauro Antonio Pierro Lucia Mannetti E. Tory Higgins Arie W. Kruglanski 《Psychological science》2009,20(6):681-685
ABSTRACT— In this research, we varied the composition of 4-member groups. One third of the groups consisted exclusively of "locomotors," individuals predominantly oriented toward action. Another third of the groups consisted exclusively of "assessors," individuals predominantly oriented toward evaluation. The final third of the groups consisted of a mix of locomotors and assessors. We found that the groups containing only locomotors were faster than the groups containing only assessors, and the groups containing only assessors were more accurate than the groups containing only locomotors. The groups containing a mix of assessors and locomotors were as fast as the groups containing only locomotors and as accurate as the groups containing only assessors. These results echo findings at the individual level of analysis, and suggest that the testing and action components of operating systems independently contribute to performance both intra- and interpersonally. 相似文献
53.
Lucia Mannetti Susanne Leder Libera Insalata Antonio Pierro Tory Higgins Arie Kruglanski 《European journal of social psychology》2009,39(6):1120-1125
The present study examined the influence of two regulatory mode concerns—a locomotion concern with movement from state to state and an assessment concern with making comparisons—on choices between immediate and delayed (from 2 to 6 weeks) money rewards. Regulatory mode orientation was induced by means of a priming procedure. We predicted that the choices in the assessment condition would be less impulsive and more far‐sighted than those in the locomotion condition. After taking into account the effects of amount of early reward, length of delay and increase in delayed reward—all of which were in the direction of previous studies—this regulatory mode prediction was supported. Our findings suggest that it might be possible to induce more far‐sighted (or economically rational) inter‐temporal choices by means of instructions that induce an assessment orientation independent of stable inter‐individual differences in discount rate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
54.
55.
The aims of this study are to consider the experience of flow from a nonlinear dynamics perspective. The processes and temporal
nature of intrinsic motivation and flow, would suggest that flow experiences fluctuate over time in a dynamical fashion. Thus
it can be argued that the potential for chaos is strong. The sample was composed of 20 employees (both full and part time)
recruited from a number of different organizations and work backgrounds. The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) was used for
data collection. Once obtained the temporal series, they were subjected to various analyses proper to the complexity theory
(Visual Recurrence Analysis and Surrogate Data Analysis). Results showed that in 80% of the cases, flow presented a chaotic
dynamic, in that, flow experiences delineated a complex dynamic whose patterns of change were not easy to predict. Implications
of the study, its limitations and future research are discussed. 相似文献
56.
Elena Clara Lucia Regolin Giorgio Vallortigara Lesley J. Rogers 《Animal cognition》2009,12(6):755-765
Spontaneous preferences towards possible prey have been little investigated using targets in motion. Preferences of domestic
chicks (Gallus gallus) to peck at video-images of stimuli representing live insects moving along their longer body axis (i.e. “forwards”) or along
the shorter body axis (i.e. “sideways”) were investigated. Chicks presented with both types of stimulus displayed a significant
preference for pecking at stimuli moving sideways. This preference was already present on day 1 post-hatching, and it strengthened
on day 6 for those chicks that had experienced pecking at live insects. Head angles used to fixate the stimuli prior to pecking
were also analysed and were consistent (i.e. 30°–35° and 60°–65°) with those reported for fixation of non-edible targets (larger
stimuli at a distance). In a first control experiment the same video-presented stimuli were used but the insect’s legs were
removed to reduce flickering. In a second control experiment, paper-printed images of the whole insect were used. In both
cases, the sideways direction of movement was clearly preferred. Overall, our data show that chicks have a spontaneous preference
to peck at video-images resembling live insects moving along their shorter body axis. Sideways movement may constitute a crucial
signal attracting chicks’ attention and enhancing predatory responses possibly because of stronger stimulation of motion detectors. 相似文献
57.
The ability to recognize three-dimensional objects from two-dimensional (2-D) displays was investigated in domestic chicks,
focusing on the role of the object’s motion. In Experiment 1 newly hatched chicks, imprinted on a three-dimensional (3-D)
object, were allowed to choose between the shadows of the familiar object and of an object never seen before. In Experiments
2 and 3 random-dot displays were used to produce the perception of a solid shape only when set in motion. Overall, the results
showed that domestic chicks were able to recognize familiar shapes from 2-D motion stimuli. It is likely that similar general
mechanisms underlying the perception of structure-from-motion and the extraction of 3-D information are shared by humans and
animals. The present data shows that they occur similarly in birds as known for mammals, two separate vertebrate classes;
this possibly indicates a common phylogenetic origin of these processes. 相似文献
58.
Insects, birds, and mammals have been shown capable of encoding spatial information in memory using multiple strategies or
frames of reference simultaneously. These strategies include orientation to a goal-specific cue or beacon, to the position
of the goal in an array of local landmarks, or to its position in the array of distant landmarks, also known as the global
frame of reference. From previous experiments, it appears that birds and mammals that scatter hoard rely primarily on a global
frame of reference, but this generalization depends on evidence from only a few species. Here we examined spatial memory in
a previously unstudied scatter hoarder, the southern flying squirrel. We dissociated the relative weighting of three potential
spatial strategies (beacon, global, or relative array strategy) with three probe tests: transposition of beacon and the rotation
or the expansion of the array. The squirrels’ choices were consistent with a spatial averaging strategy, where they chose
the location dictated by at least two of the three strategies, rather than using a single preferred frame of reference. This
adaptive and flexible heuristic has not been previously described in animal orientation studies, yet it may be a common solution
to the universal problem of encoding and recalling spatial locations in an ephemeral physical landscape. 相似文献
59.
The factorial structure and invariance of the BIS/BAS scales of Carver and White were assessed across three samples from the USA, UK, and Italy. Previous validation studies of the BIS/BAS scales relied on individual samples drawn from English‐speaking populations only and failed to formally assess generalizability. The current study shows that the four‐factor structure proposed by Carver and White—i.e. one BIS and three BAS facets—achieved satisfactory psychometric properties in all three samples and that measurement invariance was obtained across countries. Latent mean differences due to gender and country were also investigated. Theoretical issues concerning the validity of the BIS/BAS scales are addressed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
60.
Louis J. Kruger Steve Cohen David Marca Lucia Matthews 《Behavior research methods》1996,28(2):248-252
A hybrid training approach, composed of both computer-mediated communication on the Internet and face-to-face meetings, was implemented. The goals were to examine whether such an approach (1) could be used to extend traditional, short-term training, and (2) would be perceived as useful by the trainees. A central element of the approach was thelinchpin expert, a trainer who served as a communication bridge on the Internet between a team of trainers and a team of trainees. A coding system was developed to analyze the content of the Internet messages. Logistic regression analysis revealed that two types of content were related to the trainees’ perceptions that the messages enhanced their expertise in team problem solving: (1) outcome feedback given to a trainee about a specific activity, and (2) the sharing of conceptual information. The trainees perceived face-to-face and computer-mediated communications with the linchpin expert as being important to their development of expertise. 相似文献