Л.С.维果茨基关于高级心理机能的理论

维果茨基(1896—1934)是苏联建国初期杰出的马克思主义心理学家,维列鲁学派的创始人,他所提出的关于高级心理机能理论是这个学派的理论基石。这个学派认为,高级心理机能是人的心理的最本质的表现形式,人的心理之所以不同于动物,就是因为人具有着一切动物所没有的高级心理机能。 本文分析了高级心理机能理论产生的时代背景,说明维果茨基如何旗帜鲜明地与当时心理学界中形形色色的唯心主义和机械主义立场的斗争中产生这一学说,同时具体阐明高级心理机能理论的杜会起源的思想、中介理论以及高级心理机能的皮层定位等问题。 文章还对维果茨基的理论贡献以及高级心理机能理论的不足之处提出了作者的看法。     

大学生羞怯问题研究

以中国在校大学生为被试.对Henderson的大学生羞怯量表进行修订,并在此基础上进一步探讨在校大学生自尊水平、孤独程度和人际情境觉察能力与大学生羞怯的关系.研究发现,修订后的大学生羞怯量表在中国文化背景下具有较好的信度和效度;大学生羞怯的结构包括:寻求赞成、自责、对拒绝的恐惧和表达的自我限制4个维度;大学生羞怯与自尊及五种人际情境觉察能力呈显著负相关,与孤独呈显著正相关;羞怯、孤独与自尊对人际情境觉察能力有显著的预测作用.     

Positive factors associated with quality of life among Chinese patients with renal carcinoma: a cross-sectional study

Quality of life and positive psychological variables has become a focus of concern in patients with renal carcinoma. However, the integrative effects of positive psychological variables on the illness have seldom been reported. The aims of this study were to evaluate the quality of life and the integrative effects of hope, resilience and optimism on the quality of life among Chinese renal carcinoma patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the First Hospital of China Medical University. 284 participants completed questionnaires consisting of demographic and clinical characteristics, EORTC QLQ-C30, Adult Hope Scale, Resilience Scale-14 and Life Orientation Scale-Revised from July 2013 to July 2014. Pearson’s correlation and hierarchical regression analyses were performed to explore the effects of related factors. Hope, resilience and optimism were significantly associated with quality of life. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that hope, resilience and optimism as a whole accounted for 9.8, 24.4 and 21.9% of the variance in the global health status, functioning status and symptom status, respectively. The low level of quality of life for Chinese renal carcinoma patients should receive more attention from Chinese medical institutions. Psychological interventions to increase hope, resilience and optimism may be essential to enhancing the quality of life of Chinese cancer patients.     

Vocabulary growth rate from preschool to school‐age years is reflected in the connectivity of the arcuate fasciculus in 14‐year‐old children

The acquisition of language involves the functional specialization of several cortical regions. Connectivity between these brain regions may also change with the development of language. Various studies have demonstrated that the arcuate fasciculus was essential for language function. Vocabulary learning is one of the most important skills in language acquisition. In the present longitudinal study, we explored the influence of vocabulary development on the anatomical properties of the arcuate fasciculus. Seventy‐nine Chinese children participated in this study. Between age 4 and age 10, they were administered the same vocabulary task repeatedly. Following a previous study, children's vocabulary developmental trajectories were clustered into three subgroups (consistently good, catch‐up, consistently poor). At age 14, diffusion tensor imaging data were collected. Using ROI‐based tractography, the anterior, posterior and direct segments of the bilateral arcuate fasciculus were delineated in each child's native space. Group comparisons showed a significantly reduced fractional anisotropy in the left arcuate fasciculus of children in the consistently poor group, in particular in the posterior and direct segments of the arcuate fasciculus. No group differences were observed in the right hemisphere, nor in the left anterior segment. Further regression analyses showed that the rate of vocabulary development, rather than the initial vocabulary size, was a specific predictor of the left arcuate fasciculus connectivity.     

学术不端：从自然科学想到社会科学

今年,世界自然科学界出了一件大案子,就是韩国汉城大学黄禹锡发表在美国权威的《科学》杂志上的一篇论文被揭露出来实验材料和数据有假。此案已经尘埃落地。论文已由杂志宣布撤销,黄禹锡已被汉城大学宣布撤职,黄自己也已公开向公众道歉。一度被认为是一项重大的科学发观、科学创造,结果被查出来是一场骗局!这骗局,属于邹承鲁院士提出第一类学术不端行为:“伪造或篡改原始实验数据”。这是最严重的、危害最大的学术不     

齐文化的支撑点——人本文化

齐国立国800余年,曾为春秋五霸之首,战国七雄之一,与秦并称东西二帝,晚于其他诸侯国而亡,应该说历经姜太公、齐桓公、齐威王、齐宣王创立和形成的齐文化有着不可忽视的作用,而人本文化则是齐文化的支撑点。     

女性主义认同发展量表的中文版修订

目的:修订女性主义认同发展量表(feminist identity development scale,FIDS),检验其在中国女性大学生群体中的信度和效度。方法:对1657名女性大学生施测中文版FIDS、自尊量表(the self-esteem scale,SES)和矛盾性别偏见量表(ambivalent sexism inventory,ASI)中的敌意性别偏见分量表,随后进行项目分析、信度分析、探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析和效标效度的检验。结果:修订后的中文版FIDS共有27个条目,保留了5个分量表,分别是被动接受、醒悟、融合发展、整合和积极投入,累积方差贡献率为56.18%; 五因子模型拟合较好(χ2/df=2.99,IFI=0.92,CFI=0.92,GFI=0.92,TLI=0.91,RMSEA=0.05); 中文版FIDS的内部一致性系数(Cronbach’s α)在0.71～0.89之间,分半信度在0.75～0.90之间。结论:修订后的中文版FIDS在中国女性大学生群体中具有较好的信效度,是测量女性主义认同发展水平的有效工具。     

"逻辑"是否可以取代"仁德"?——答邓晓芒先生对儒家"亲亲"伦理的质询

“亲亲相隐”是儒家“亲亲”思想在有结构性限制或过失的亲属间贯彻仁爱精神,进而促使人格成长的文化与伦理选择。“亲亲”之仁在君统与宗统存在矛盾的宗法社会,是方法与价值相统一的,是人们正当的权利,本身具有增德向善的功能,并不逊色于苏格拉底所从事的哲学“批判”事业。相反,“逻辑”作为方法虽可有利于分析和澄清问题,表述思想,但因本身无价值方向、忽略人格成长过程,不能取代作为终极关怀的“仁道”的地位。如果单纯运用“逻辑”分析方法,抽去了人格成长和修养的内容,可能会得出“亲亲相隐”有腐败倾向的结论,但其也并不足以支持对儒家伦理的基本否定。今天对于象征中国文化之根的儒家伦理更需从积极的一面来理解。     

儿童适应行为评定量表的编制及城乡区域性常模的制定

儿童适应行为评定量表共有59个项目,分8个分量表和3个因子。为了适应目前我国城乡经济文化尚有较大差异这一特点,本量表分城乡两个版本,并分别制订了本省城市农村两套常模。常模样本在城市按父母文化程度和职业等分层比例取样520名,在农村按父母文化程度等取样400名。常模形式包括分量表百分位常模、因子T 分、适应能力商数及年龄儿童适应行为发展界碑。其信度、效度令人满意。本量表适用3—12岁智力正常或低下儿童。     

北京地区中学生学习策略水平的调查研究

本研究采用中学生学习策略量表测查了542名中学生的学习策略使用情况。结果表明：(1)中学生学习策略量表有着较高的信度和效度,分量表项目间有良好的一致性。(2)从初三到高三,学生的学习策略水平没有表现出随年级增长而提高的趋势,甚至在时问管理、焦虑、信息加工等分量表方面有下降的表现。(3)女生在态度,动机,学习辅助和自我测试分量表上的得分明显高于男生;男生在信息加工分量表上的得分明显高于女生。(4)优差生在学习辅助和自我测试两个分量表上的得分没有明显差异,在其余分量表上均有显著差异。