呈现方式与认知方式对文章标记效应的影响

采用纸笔呈现和视频显示终端(video display terminab,VDT)呈现两种形式,探讨了认知方式与文章标记类型对文章阅读效果的影响,结果表明: (1)文章标记对不同认知方式的读者影响不同,无论有无文章标记,场独立者对各类信息的保持量没有明显的变化,而文章的宏观标记能够使场依存者的阅读指向发生改变,场依存者会更加注意与标记有关的内容; (2)呈现方式对文章信息的保持量有显著的影响,纸笔呈现方式下,被试的信息保持量明显好于VDT呈现方式; (3)在VDT呈现条件下,场独立者对主题性信息的保持量显著高于场依存者.     

浅论政治文明对实现社会和谐的重要意义

任何社会都不同程度地存在着社会矛盾和冲突,社会和谐就是通过一定的机制,使这些矛盾和冲突的强度与范围都得到有效调节和控制。本文在对中外思想家有关调节社会冲突的学说进行简要分析的基础上,论证推进政治文明建设,健全民主和法制,是调节社会冲突、实现社会和谐的一条基本路径。     

学习者控制和任务难度对多媒体学习的影响

使用两因素被试间设计探索在不同任务难度条件下单一的学习者控制—步调控制对120名大学生多媒体学习的影响。结果发现:(1)在复杂任务条件下,学习者控制组的再认成绩显著高于程序控制组;学习者对简单任务的主观难度感知显著低于复杂任务。(2)在学习者控制组,在学习复杂材料时,使用了控制选项的学习者其迁移成绩显著高于没有使用的学习者;但对控制的使用与否对简单任务的学习迁移成绩没有显著影响。本研究的结果表明,学习者控制可以促进大学生对比较复杂学习内容的记忆,对学习者控制的实际使用可以促进大学生对复杂内容的理解和迁移。学习任务难度在学习者控制影响多媒体学习效果中起调节作用。这一结论对多媒体学习设计具有重要启示。     

Need for uniqueness as a mediator of the relationship between face consciousness and status consumption in China

Strong economic development in China has led to a surge in status consumption as a means of gaining face. In Eastern culture, people interpret uniqueness as status distinction rather than separateness or deviance. This type of uniqueness can be used to meet others' expectations and gain social approval. Thus its relationship with face consciousness and status consumption is to be expected. This study investigates 2 hypotheses: (a) Face consciousness has a positive effect on status consumption and (b) Consumer need for uniqueness mediates the relationship between face consciousness and status consumption. Two‐hundred and forty‐six working respondents in eastern China completed a survey. Regression analysis of the results supported both hypotheses.     

Response readiness modulates the development of association-based automaticity in masked priming

The current study investigated the role of the automatization of stimulus and response (S-R) associations and response readiness in triggering the motor activation for masked primes in two experiments. The automatization of associations was manipulated by employing different types of stimuli, and response readiness was manipulated by varying the relative frequency of Go trials in a modified Go/No-Go task. Compatibility (compatible and incompatible), stimulus type (arrows and parallel lines), and test session (Sessions 1, 2, and 3) were manipulated in a high response-readiness condition (Experiment 1) and in a low response-readiness condition (Experiment 2). Negative compatibility effects (NCEs) occurred regardless of session and experiment in the arrow stimuli condition. However, in the parallel-line stimuli condition, no significant compatibility effect (CE) appeared regardless of the experiment in Sessions 1 and 2, whereas a significant NCE appeared in Experiment 1 but not in Experiment 2 in Session 3. These results are consistent with the claim that motor activation can only occur if the association between specific stimuli and specific responses has been automatized by previous practice, and response readiness can modulate the development of automaticity, but this modulation will have a minimal effect once the association is automatized. The findings also provide experimental evidence for the assumption that the formation of association-based automaticity could be modulated by top-down control (e.g., response readiness).     

《管子》佚篇亡佚时间考

今本《管子》有多篇亡佚。本文在前人研究的基础上,根据《北堂书钞》对《管子》的引用情况,对其亡佚时间进行探讨,认为:《管子》佚篇的亡佚不是一次性的,在南北朝后期,《管子》的部分内容亡佚;隋末唐初,《管子》又损失了一些篇章,《管子》佚篇全部亡佚。     

论管仲出生于公元前723年

以管仲出生地口碑相传的文史资料为假说,运用民俗学、历法史和天文学方法,论证管仲的生年、生月、生日和生时。     

When a Talking‐Face Computer Agent is Half‐Human and Half‐Humanoid: Human Identity and Consistency Preference

Computer‐generated anthropomorphic characters are a growing type of communicator that is deployed in digital communication environments. An essential theoretical question is how people identify humanlike but clearly artificial, hence humanoid, entities in comparison to natural human ones. This identity categorization inquiry was approached under the framework of consistency and tested through examining inconsistency effects from mismatching categories. Study 1 (N = 80), incorporating a self‐disclosure task, tested participants’ responses to a talking‐face agent, which varied in four combinations of human versus humanoid faces and voices. In line with the literature on inconsistency, the pairing of a human face with a humanoid voice or a humanoid face with a human voice led to longer processing time in making judgment of the agent and less trust than the pairing of a face and a voice from either the human or the humanoid category. Female users particularly showed negative attitudes toward inconsistently paired talking faces. Study 2 (N = 80), using a task that stressed comprehension demand, replicated the inconsistency effects on judging time and females’ negative attitudes but not for comprehension‐related outcomes. Voice clarity overshadowed the consistency concern for comprehension‐related responses. The overall inconsistency effects suggest that people treat humanoid entities in a different category from natural human ones.     

企业伦理:社会的普遍约束与企业的内在构成

近几十年以来,企业经营管理中的伦理问题受到国内外学界的广泛重视。围绕企业伦理的核心问题即企业道德责任,美国学者提出了诸种理论,比如,普拉利(Peter Pratley)提出的“核心道德责任论”、恩德勒(George Enderle)提出的“多层次的企业责任框架”理论、卡罗尔(Archie B.Carroll)提出的“企业社会责任金字塔”理论等。我国学界也在20世纪80年代开始了企业伦理的研究,虽然稍晚于国外,但成果颇丰。国内外学者探讨的主要问题有:企业伦理精神、企业行为的道德推理方式与模型、企业伦理与经济绩效、企业的社会责任、利益相关者及其管理等。笔…