Л.С.维果茨基关于高级心理机能的理论

维果茨基(1896—1934)是苏联建国初期杰出的马克思主义心理学家,维列鲁学派的创始人,他所提出的关于高级心理机能理论是这个学派的理论基石。这个学派认为,高级心理机能是人的心理的最本质的表现形式,人的心理之所以不同于动物,就是因为人具有着一切动物所没有的高级心理机能。 本文分析了高级心理机能理论产生的时代背景,说明维果茨基如何旗帜鲜明地与当时心理学界中形形色色的唯心主义和机械主义立场的斗争中产生这一学说,同时具体阐明高级心理机能理论的杜会起源的思想、中介理论以及高级心理机能的皮层定位等问题。 文章还对维果茨基的理论贡献以及高级心理机能理论的不足之处提出了作者的看法。     

Positive factors associated with quality of life among Chinese patients with renal carcinoma: a cross-sectional study

Quality of life and positive psychological variables has become a focus of concern in patients with renal carcinoma. However, the integrative effects of positive psychological variables on the illness have seldom been reported. The aims of this study were to evaluate the quality of life and the integrative effects of hope, resilience and optimism on the quality of life among Chinese renal carcinoma patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the First Hospital of China Medical University. 284 participants completed questionnaires consisting of demographic and clinical characteristics, EORTC QLQ-C30, Adult Hope Scale, Resilience Scale-14 and Life Orientation Scale-Revised from July 2013 to July 2014. Pearson’s correlation and hierarchical regression analyses were performed to explore the effects of related factors. Hope, resilience and optimism were significantly associated with quality of life. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that hope, resilience and optimism as a whole accounted for 9.8, 24.4 and 21.9% of the variance in the global health status, functioning status and symptom status, respectively. The low level of quality of life for Chinese renal carcinoma patients should receive more attention from Chinese medical institutions. Psychological interventions to increase hope, resilience and optimism may be essential to enhancing the quality of life of Chinese cancer patients.     

Vocabulary growth rate from preschool to school‐age years is reflected in the connectivity of the arcuate fasciculus in 14‐year‐old children

The acquisition of language involves the functional specialization of several cortical regions. Connectivity between these brain regions may also change with the development of language. Various studies have demonstrated that the arcuate fasciculus was essential for language function. Vocabulary learning is one of the most important skills in language acquisition. In the present longitudinal study, we explored the influence of vocabulary development on the anatomical properties of the arcuate fasciculus. Seventy‐nine Chinese children participated in this study. Between age 4 and age 10, they were administered the same vocabulary task repeatedly. Following a previous study, children's vocabulary developmental trajectories were clustered into three subgroups (consistently good, catch‐up, consistently poor). At age 14, diffusion tensor imaging data were collected. Using ROI‐based tractography, the anterior, posterior and direct segments of the bilateral arcuate fasciculus were delineated in each child's native space. Group comparisons showed a significantly reduced fractional anisotropy in the left arcuate fasciculus of children in the consistently poor group, in particular in the posterior and direct segments of the arcuate fasciculus. No group differences were observed in the right hemisphere, nor in the left anterior segment. Further regression analyses showed that the rate of vocabulary development, rather than the initial vocabulary size, was a specific predictor of the left arcuate fasciculus connectivity.     

反馈对注意缺损多动障碍儿童错误监控能力的影响

研究选取了注意缺损多动障碍(ADHD)儿童39名,正常儿童40名,采用两项选择任务,考察在无反馈和有反馈的情况下,ADHD儿童的错误监控能力是否存在缺损。结果发现,(1)无论是否提供反馈,与正常儿童相比,ADHD儿童的错误察觉能力正常,但是错误更正能力落后,这可能是由于ADHD儿童动作调节控制能力落后导致的;(2)反馈提高了ADHD儿童和正常儿童的认知加工速度,但同时降低了他们的警醒水平,导致错误监控能力下降。     

儿童适应行为评定量表的编制及城乡区域性常模的制定

儿童适应行为评定量表共有59个项目,分8个分量表和3个因子。为了适应目前我国城乡经济文化尚有较大差异这一特点,本量表分城乡两个版本,并分别制订了本省城市农村两套常模。常模样本在城市按父母文化程度和职业等分层比例取样520名,在农村按父母文化程度等取样400名。常模形式包括分量表百分位常模、因子T 分、适应能力商数及年龄儿童适应行为发展界碑。其信度、效度令人满意。本量表适用3—12岁智力正常或低下儿童。     

齐文化的支撑点——人本文化

齐国立国800余年,曾为春秋五霸之首,战国七雄之一,与秦并称东西二帝,晚于其他诸侯国而亡,应该说历经姜太公、齐桓公、齐威王、齐宣王创立和形成的齐文化有着不可忽视的作用,而人本文化则是齐文化的支撑点。     

北京地区中学生学习策略水平的调查研究

本研究采用中学生学习策略量表测查了542名中学生的学习策略使用情况。结果表明：(1)中学生学习策略量表有着较高的信度和效度,分量表项目间有良好的一致性。(2)从初三到高三,学生的学习策略水平没有表现出随年级增长而提高的趋势,甚至在时问管理、焦虑、信息加工等分量表方面有下降的表现。(3)女生在态度,动机,学习辅助和自我测试分量表上的得分明显高于男生;男生在信息加工分量表上的得分明显高于女生。(4)优差生在学习辅助和自我测试两个分量表上的得分没有明显差异,在其余分量表上均有显著差异。     

中国共产党执政道德建设研究论纲

文章探讨了为什么要研究“中国共产党执政道德建设”;分析了中国共产党执政道德建设的内在规定性;梳理了中国共产党执政道德建设的研究基础,指出了中国共产党执政道德建设的研究路向与视角;构想了中国共产党执政道德建设的研究框架;阐述了中国共产党执政道德建设的研究方法;这对于加强中国共产党执政道德建设的研究,提升中国共产党执政道德水平,进而提高中国共产党的执政能力和领导水平具有重要的理论和实践指导意义。     

个人与社会的关系——伦理学基本问题及其范例

在改革开放之初,对于伦理学基本问题曾有过热烈的讨论。在前人所提出的观点的基础上,我们认为,个人与社会的关系是伦理学的基本问题。个人生存于社会,没有个人,就没有社会,同样,没有社会,也就没有现实意义的个人。个人有着自己的生存权利与利益,同样,社会也有着自己的结构与利益。个人与社会从来就是伦理思考的两极。相对于个人,社会又可区分为他者与社会整体这样两个层次。儒家和基督教伦理,是从他者的角度,从仁爱或爱人来达到社会或人类之爱;柏拉图、亚里士多德则从社会共同体维度进行论证,强调社会整体正义或社会共同体的善的至上性。霍布斯与曼德维尔则从个人维度为个人的存在与幸福进行论证。卢梭则将自爱与博爱和人类之爱贯通起来思考,提出自爱为前提,而同情心是从自爱到博爱(仁爱)的关键。     

左前额叶参与非相关词对的语义编码过程──来自光学成像的佐证

通过研究左前额叶在非相关同对的语义编码过程中的作用,探讨近红外光学成像技术用于脑高级认知活动检测的可行性。被试在两种实验条件下分别学习视觉呈现的20个汉字非相关词对,要求被试或将词对组成一个有意义的句子(深加工),或判断两个词是否具有相同的结构组合(浅加工)。光学成像器即时记录连续光透过额骨及前额皮层后760nm和850nm的漫射光强变化,以此推测相应脑组织的血容量变化。结果表明,与浅加工相比,左下前额叶在深加工时的血容量增多,尤其是背外侧部分。