韦氏成人智力量表中国修订本与原量表(WAIS和WAIS-R)因素分析的比较研究

本文用主成分分析法对韦氏成人智力量表中国修订本(WAIS-RC)的城市与农村两个常模以及WAIS和WAIS-R进行因素分析,发现这三套测验都负荷较高的g因子;常识,领悟,相似性和词汇测验负荷较高的A(言语理解)因子,填图,木块图,图片排列和物体拼凑测验负荷较高的B(知觉组织)因子,而数字广度,算术和数字符号测验负荷较高的C(记忆/集中注意)因子。因子模型是极相似的,这说明WAIS-RC具有较好的结构效度,保持了原量表的功能。同时,所建立的因子模型也为使用者在使用测验和分析解释结果时提供了有用的参考资料。     

恐惧发生与预防的实验研究：──Ⅱ、强噪音下不同处理背景动物身心变化的观察分析

采用生理心理学的实验方法．对强噪音下四组不同处理背景大鼠的旷场反应、援食、饮水、排泄和尿生物化学等方面进行比较。结果发现：①Ⅰ组（强刺激组）的各类指标均发生情绪性（恐惧）改变。与２组（预防训练Ⅰ组）、３组（预防训练Ⅱ组）、４组（控制组）以及自身基线（ＭＡＯ）比较差异显著;②适应性训练有助于防止大鼠恐惧发生及上述各类指标发生异常．③由于训练的方法不同,预防的效果也不同。３组与４组比较无显著差异,２组与４组比较某些指标有显著差异。④１组和２组部分大鼠出现皮肤、消化道病变。     

入手术室时的情绪状态和某些心理、生理机能的联系及其和针麻效果的关系

情绪活动和某些生理机能或心理过程的关系很久以来就已进行过大量的研究。外科手术前患者的情绪状态及其相应的生理机能的变化,也曾受到注意。患者在意识清醒状态下进行针麻手术,他的情绪状态对针麻过程及其效果的作用如何,这种情绪状态和某些心理、生理机能有什么联系?这是针麻临床上和理论上应予探讨的问题之一。本工作试图综合分析患者的情绪状态和与之伴随的某些生理生化指标变化,以探讨     

Are effect sizes in self-efficacy field changing over time? A meta–meta analysis

Theories relating to self-efficacy have developed rapidly since Bandura first proposed the concept in 1977. In the past two decades, psychologists have carried out numerous studies to research the cultural and psychological changes in social development. The research topic of this study is whether self-efficacy changes over time. This study uses a meta–meta analysis and includes 13 meta-analyses, including 536 effect sizes, with a total sample size of 421,880. We find that individual self-efficacy increases over time, which may be related to social development trends. However, the effects of interventions on self-efficacy remain similar (Q_model = 1.807, df = 1, p > .05), and a possible explanation is that time effects of self-efficacy confuse the effects of intervention, because both in the intervention group and control group, the average of self-efficacy increases over time. And we find that a general decline in the predictive effects of self-efficacy (Q_model = 5.117, df = 1, p = .024), especially the ability to predict relatively objective variables (e.g. job performance, teaching effectiveness, and transfer of training). A possible explanation is that as social development people tend to overestimate their self-efficacy. Another possible explanation is that the effect sizes in the original studies being overrated, may due to intentional selective reporting or unintentional statistical errors.     

Attentional characteristics of different types of individuals with high self-esteem in self-threatening situations

The high self-esteem (HSE) heterogeneity hypothesis provides a new research perspective for investigating differences in the quantity and quality of different types of self-esteem. The present study adopted the emotional Stroop paradigm and the odd-one-out search task to explore how individuals with different types of self-esteem process social information in self-threatening situations. The results showed that individuals with different types of self-esteem had an attentional bias toward negative information and had different attentional biases toward angry faces in self-threatening situations. Individuals with fragile HSE and low self-esteem showed facilitated attention to angry faces and had difficulty drawing attention away from them; secure HSE individuals only showed difficulty disengaging attention from angry faces.

     

德性伦理学的行为者中心论

当代德性伦理学认为,德性伦理学的根本特征在于以行为者为基础或中心。斯罗特认为,以行为者为基础的德性伦理学仅仅诉诸于行为者本身,或者说是一种有着普遍仁爱动机的德者。以行为者为中心的基本论点则认为,德性伦理学强调具有一定德性品格的行为者在某种情形下一定会有的行为。并且认为,品格德性本身具有规范的意义。     

唯物论无神论与社会主义核心价值体系

推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣,建设和谐文化,是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要任务。社会主义和谐文化包含多方面内容,其核心则是社会主义核心价值体系,它体现了社会主义意识形态的本质．是决定社会主义和谐文化建设性质和正确方向的基础。因此．建设社会主义核心价值体系,增强社会主义意识形态的吸引力和凝聚力,是建设和谐文化的根本。     

《管子》对《淮南子》的影响

《管子》对《淮南子》的影响,体现在文本和思想两个方面。《淮南子》中,既有对《管子》文本的袭用,也有对《管子》思想的继承。这与汉初的社会思潮和该书的编撰意图有关,也与淮南王刘安门下聚集了一部分来自齐地的学者有直接关系。     

Cognitive impairment and whole brain diffusion in patients with neuromyelitis optica after acute relapse

The objective of this study investigated cognitive impairments and their correlations with fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) in patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) without visible lesions on conventional brain MRI during acute relapse. Twenty one patients with NMO and 21 normal control subjects received several cognitive tests to assess cognitive function. Head diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of all patients with NMO were collected with a 3-T MR system. Correlations of cognitive test scores and whole brain FA and MD were examined by voxel-based analysis. Region-of-interest analysis was applied to the significantly correlated regions which the most frequently appeared. We found that NMO patients without visible brain lesions had significantly impaired learning and memory, decreased information processing speed, and damaged attention compared with normal control subjects. These impaired cognitive domains were significantly correlated with FA and MD in local regions of corpus callosum, anterior cingulate and medial frontal cortex. In corpus callosum of NMO patients, mean FA was significantly lower and mean MD higher than normal control subjects. Our findings suggest that cognitive impairments in learning and memory, information processing speed and attention occur in NMO patients without visible brain lesions during acute relapse. The impairments in immediate and short-term memory in NMO patients may be due to information encoding deficits in the process of information acquisition. The corpus callosum of such patients may have local microscopic damages that play a role in cognitive impairments during acute relapse.     

Predictors of Depressive Symptoms Among Children Affected by HIV in Rural China: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study

The current study was designed to examine the trend of depression among children affected by HIV (n = 1,221) in rural China over a period of 3 years and to explore baseline psychosocial factors that can predict depressive symptoms at 1- and 2-year follow-ups. Baseline depression score, trusting relationship with caregivers, perceived public stigma against children affected by HIV, and future expectation at baseline positively predicted the 1-year follow-up depression, while children’ self-report health status, self-esteem, and perceived social support negatively predicted depression at 1-year follow-up survey. Depression and self-report health status at baseline significantly predicted depression at the 2-year follow-up. The data in the current study suggested that depressive symptoms were chronic or recurring among some children affected by HIV/AIDS. The findings also underscore the importance of early identification, early intervention, and ongoing counseling for mental health problems among children affected by HIV/AIDS. Future psychological support programs need to target both mental health symptoms and resilient factors that will help these children to cope with adverse life events associated with HIV/AIDS.