The Role of Subsidies in Coordination Games with Interconnected Risk

Can subsidies promote Pareto‐optimum coordination? We found that partially subsidizing the cooperative actions for two out of six players in a laboratory coordination game usually produced better coordination and higher total social welfare with both deterministic and stochastic payoffs. Not only were the subsidized players more likely to cooperate (choose the Pareto‐optimum action), but the unsubsidized players increased their expectations on how likely others would cooperate, and they cooperated more frequently themselves. After removal of the subsidy, high levels of coordination continued in most groups with stochastic payoffs but declined in deterministic ones. This carry‐over disparity between the deterministic and stochastic settings was consistent with the economic theories that agents were more likely to keep the status quo option under uncertainty than without uncertainty. Hence, players with stochastic payoffs were more likely to keep the high coordination level (status quo) brought by the subsidy in the previous subsidy session. A post‐game survey also indicated that with stochastic payoffs, players focused on risk reduction. Temporary subsidies promoted lasting coordination because even after subsidy was removed, players still assumed that others players would prefer reduced risks from cooperation. With deterministic payoffs, however, the subsidy might crowd out other rationales for coordination, with many players indicating that the subsidy was the only reason for anyone to cooperate. Hence, the coordination level dropped when the subsidy was removed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The factors associated with geriatric depression in rural China: stratified by household structure

Depressive symptoms and empty nest phenomenon of rural elderly people are both important public health issues, which should not be ignored. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms and related factors of the empty nest elderly in rural China. We recruited 3182 eligible subjects and gathered data by face-to-face interview. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to explore the related factors of depressive symptoms. The present study showed that the prevalence of depressive symptoms significantly differed between empty nest old adults and non-empty nesters (24.1% vs. 19.0%). The elderly living alone had highest OR of depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms of empty nest elderly was associated with sleep quality, economic status, pain, social support and ADL. While it was associated with gender, economic status, pain and PSMS in non-empty nest group. Number of chronic disease showed significant associations with depressive symptoms in the elderly living alone. Subjective support, support utilization and pain were positively associated with depressive symptoms in the elderly living with spouse. Sleep quality, economic status and ADL were common factors. Depressive symptoms obviously prevail among empty nest elderly than non-empty nesters. It reminded us that complementary social support from family and society is essential.     

Attentional bias toward emotional stimuli in accidentally injured Chinese patients with different posttraumatic growth levels

Extensive evidence has been obtained that supports an association between an attentional bias (AB) toward negative stimuli and vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology, little is known regarding the characteristics of individual AB in different posttraumatic growth (PTG) levels. The current study used a modified dot-probe task to investigate if individual differences in AB towards either positive or negative emotional stimuli, are related to self-reported PTG. A sample of 202 patients completed the experiment. Patients with low levels of PTG did not exhibit AB toward negative or positive stimuli, patients with medium levels of PTG had difficulty disengaging attention from negative stimuli, patients with high levels of PTG had difficulty disengaging attention from positive stimuli. And the AB towards positive stimuli was only predictive for PTG. An implication of this finding is that there are different characteristics of implicit cognitive processing in patients with different levels of PTG, suggesting the necessity of psychological intervention on the accidentally injured patients.     

Educational Expectations of Left-behind Children in China: Determinants and Gender Differences

Applied Research in Quality of Life - In response to the relatively low educational attainment of left-behind children in China, this article examines the determinants of educational expectations...     

马克思主义宗教观中国化的几个问题

马克思主义宗教观的中国化是当前我国宗教学研究的重要课题。它既表现为中国共产党把马克思主义宗教观的基本原理应用于中国革命和建设中的宗教问题的实际,走出了一条具有中国特色的解决宗教问题的道路的过程,也表现为形成了中国化的马克思主义宗教观。特别是中国特色社会主义宗教理论体系是马克思主义宗教观中国化的最新成果,是中国化马克思主义宗教观的标志,它是科学认识我国现阶段宗教问题的指南。这其中,我国宗教学界也作出了应有的贡献。     

老子与道教

老子认为,为学是求知识,为道是求智慧.真正的智慧是超理性、超逻辑的一种体验方式,只有通过为道的方法才能悟道.老子的道,与基督教的上帝是极其接近的概念.道是非人格化、非神的上帝,而上帝是人格化的、神圣化的道.道最初是一个哲学概念,表示规律、法则,但它潜在着一种被神化的内涵.一旦社会有了需要,它可以转变为一种宗教的核心理念.例如在道教中,老子为道的方法发展成为道教修行的方法,老子的<道德经>演绎成道教各类经书.     

英语语法规则获得与迁移的智力技能研究

选取451名高中生为被试,以强调句型语法为研究内容,采取教师教学、产生式规则和专家思维编制的实验材料,探讨了英语语法规则获得早、中期阶段促进规则获得的手段。在前面实验的基础上,选取298名高中生,以定语从句为研究内容,运用产生式规则、专家思维和练习编制的不同学习材料,采取随机区组设计,探讨了英语语法规则获得后期阶段的智力技能研究。通过研究得到如下结论：在语法规则获得的早中期阶段,产生式样例有助于学生智力技能的获得,同时也有助于所获得技能的迁移;在智力技能获得的后期阶段,专家样例有利于学生形成专家头脑中的图式,有助于学生实现有关智力技能的自动化。     

唐宋间敦煌的城隍与毗沙门天王

唐宋时期,作为专指敦煌城的"城隍"在社会生活中占有重要地位,这是因为敦煌城及周边城市不时地遭到外族入侵所致.而敦煌的城隍神信仰并不甚流行,原因是敦煌盛行毗沙门天王信仰,毗沙门天王已经代替了城隍神,担当起了护卫敦煌平安的使命,成为敦煌的保护神.     

药都胜迹——三皇宫

江西樟树市是驰名中外的“药都”,素有“药不到樟树不齐,药不过樟树不灵”的美誉。在这个城市里,有一座曾焕发出耀眼光辉的道教宫观——三皇宫。该宫是樟树药都的纪念碑,是樟树药文化和道教文化的载体,也是医道同源、药道同源的最好见证。此宫坐落在樟树市密如蛛网的街巷深处,它既有道观的庄严,又带有世俗的繁华。它曾经是樟