Response readiness modulates the development of association-based automaticity in masked priming

The current study investigated the role of the automatization of stimulus and response (S-R) associations and response readiness in triggering the motor activation for masked primes in two experiments. The automatization of associations was manipulated by employing different types of stimuli, and response readiness was manipulated by varying the relative frequency of Go trials in a modified Go/No-Go task. Compatibility (compatible and incompatible), stimulus type (arrows and parallel lines), and test session (Sessions 1, 2, and 3) were manipulated in a high response-readiness condition (Experiment 1) and in a low response-readiness condition (Experiment 2). Negative compatibility effects (NCEs) occurred regardless of session and experiment in the arrow stimuli condition. However, in the parallel-line stimuli condition, no significant compatibility effect (CE) appeared regardless of the experiment in Sessions 1 and 2, whereas a significant NCE appeared in Experiment 1 but not in Experiment 2 in Session 3. These results are consistent with the claim that motor activation can only occur if the association between specific stimuli and specific responses has been automatized by previous practice, and response readiness can modulate the development of automaticity, but this modulation will have a minimal effect once the association is automatized. The findings also provide experimental evidence for the assumption that the formation of association-based automaticity could be modulated by top-down control (e.g., response readiness).     

Need for uniqueness as a mediator of the relationship between face consciousness and status consumption in China

Strong economic development in China has led to a surge in status consumption as a means of gaining face. In Eastern culture, people interpret uniqueness as status distinction rather than separateness or deviance. This type of uniqueness can be used to meet others' expectations and gain social approval. Thus its relationship with face consciousness and status consumption is to be expected. This study investigates 2 hypotheses: (a) Face consciousness has a positive effect on status consumption and (b) Consumer need for uniqueness mediates the relationship between face consciousness and status consumption. Two‐hundred and forty‐six working respondents in eastern China completed a survey. Regression analysis of the results supported both hypotheses.     

学习者控制和任务难度对多媒体学习的影响

使用两因素被试间设计探索在不同任务难度条件下单一的学习者控制—步调控制对120名大学生多媒体学习的影响。结果发现:(1)在复杂任务条件下,学习者控制组的再认成绩显著高于程序控制组;学习者对简单任务的主观难度感知显著低于复杂任务。(2)在学习者控制组,在学习复杂材料时,使用了控制选项的学习者其迁移成绩显著高于没有使用的学习者;但对控制的使用与否对简单任务的学习迁移成绩没有显著影响。本研究的结果表明,学习者控制可以促进大学生对比较复杂学习内容的记忆,对学习者控制的实际使用可以促进大学生对复杂内容的理解和迁移。学习任务难度在学习者控制影响多媒体学习效果中起调节作用。这一结论对多媒体学习设计具有重要启示。     

4～10岁汉语儿童句法意识的发展

采用句法判断和句法修改任务,探讨了4～10岁汉语儿童句法意识发展的过程和特点.结果表明:(1) 4～10岁儿童句法意识的发展非常迅速,其中6岁是一个转折点;(2) 儿童句法意识发展的内在过程是从对个人生活经验和句子意义的依赖发展到对句子本身的句法结构进行有意注意;(3)句法意识的发展受到句法错误类型的影响,表现出发展的不同步性.     

序列学习的ERP研究综述

对近些年国外序列学习的ERP研究进行了总结.序列学习研究选取的ERP成分主要包括N200、P300、CNV、LRP、ERN、MMN等;关注的问题主要集中在意识与序列学习的关系、序列学习的表征问题以及序列学习中一些相似ERP成分的差异等方面.     

人脸的类别与特定身份信息提取方式研究

人脸身份信息的提取方式一直是人脸研究中颇有争议的问题之一,以往的研究通过对名字和职业等语义信息的提取速度差异的比较,对此问题提出了两类观点,即人脸身份信息的加工是系列加工或平行加工.这两种观点一直争论不休,一些研究者提出了各种理论试图解释二者的争论.但是人脸身份信息中包括类别信息和特定信息,二者的加工可能是不同的路径,而以往的研究却混淆了这两种身份信息,使得系列还是平行的争议建立在不同的层面上.本研究通过操纵提取身份信息的不同任务以及线索类型.比较人脸和名字的作业差异,从而探讨两种类型身份信息的加工机制.本研究有助于进一步了解人脸身份信息提取的机制,丰富人脸身份信息提取的理论研究,同时对模式识别也具有重要的实践意义.     

高二理科生物理问题创造性解决的表象特征研究

物理问题创造性解决是一个发散思维和聚合思维交替运行的过程,而表象对问题的创造性解决具有重要作用。本研究通过自编的物理问题对天津市某中学109名高二理科学生进行物理问题创造性解决测验,探讨高中理科学生物理问题创造性解决中的表象特征。验证了表象与物理问题创造性解决中的发散思维具有显著的正相关,与聚合思维无显著相关。对109名高二理科学生K聚类分析发现：物理问题解决过程中,高创造性和中等程度创造性的学生人数较少,而低创造性的学生人数较多;表象丰富性很高和较高的学生较少,表象丰富性较低的学生较多。     

论道义论与功利论的一个根本区分:正当与善何者优先

道义论与功利论是当代西方规范伦理学的两种基本理论形态.两者的区分可以以正当与善何者优先来界定.一般来说,强调正当优先于善,并不以善来界定正当的理论是道义论理论,而以善优先于正当,并以善来规定正当的理论是功利论理论.     

When a Talking‐Face Computer Agent is Half‐Human and Half‐Humanoid: Human Identity and Consistency Preference

Computer‐generated anthropomorphic characters are a growing type of communicator that is deployed in digital communication environments. An essential theoretical question is how people identify humanlike but clearly artificial, hence humanoid, entities in comparison to natural human ones. This identity categorization inquiry was approached under the framework of consistency and tested through examining inconsistency effects from mismatching categories. Study 1 (N = 80), incorporating a self‐disclosure task, tested participants’ responses to a talking‐face agent, which varied in four combinations of human versus humanoid faces and voices. In line with the literature on inconsistency, the pairing of a human face with a humanoid voice or a humanoid face with a human voice led to longer processing time in making judgment of the agent and less trust than the pairing of a face and a voice from either the human or the humanoid category. Female users particularly showed negative attitudes toward inconsistently paired talking faces. Study 2 (N = 80), using a task that stressed comprehension demand, replicated the inconsistency effects on judging time and females’ negative attitudes but not for comprehension‐related outcomes. Voice clarity overshadowed the consistency concern for comprehension‐related responses. The overall inconsistency effects suggest that people treat humanoid entities in a different category from natural human ones.     

中国档案、中国高校档案源流研究

档案的起源,是指档案在人类社会的历史中最早出现的时间以及出现于哪种社会背景和条件下。我国档案历史源远流长,我国的档案和档案工作从夏代就已开始。“档案”一词却是在清代才出现的。在我国,交通大学的档案事业是高等学校档案事业的起源。我国高等学校档案事业经历了一个曲折发展的道路,改革开放以来才真正走上了健康发展之路。