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981.
Aphasic patients with restricted memory spans were assessed on their comprehension of syntactically simple sentences varying in numbers of content words and on their comprehension of sentences matched in content words but varying in syntactic complexity. Three different presentation modes were used: unlimited visual presentation, limited visual presentation, and auditory presentation. The difference between performance in the unlimited and limited modes was used as a measure of the extent to which memory decrements caused comprehension failure. These difference scores were related to memory span in order to assess whether the memory involved in sentence processing overlaps that assessed by a memory span task. For the sentences varying in number of content words, performance was worse for the limited presentation modes than the unlimited mode, and the difference between unlimited and limited presentation modes was highly related to memory span. For the sentences varying in syntactic complexity, there was no clear reduction in performance for limited presentation modes, and the difference scores did not relate to memory span. The results support the view that the processing of sentences with many content words draws on the short-term memory capacity assessed by memory span, while the processing of syntactic complexity does not.  相似文献   
982.
983.
Research in small-group decision making suggests two means by which discussion shifts the responses of individual members—Nonmative influence and informational influence. The former is based on pressure to conform to the normative positions of group members, and the latter involves changes due to the informational content of persuasively or passively shared facts. Which influence mode is used depends on the group decision rule, whether the response is public or private, the perceived nature of the task, and the nature of the issue. Specifically, normative influence is likely to prevail in public judgments, under group cohesion sets, and with value-laden issues, while informational influence will emerge when responses are private, the group is oriented toward the immediate task, and the issue is intellective. Suggestions are made regarding strategy and tactics for anticipating, harnessing, and shaping the form of influence that will take place during deliberation.  相似文献   
984.
Martin Bunzl 《Erkenntnis》1984,21(1):31-44
Recent attempts to fix the direction of causal priority without reference to the direction of temporal priority have begun with an analysis of the causal relation itself. I offer a method, based on causal modelling theory, designed to determine the direction of causal priority while remaining as agnostic as possible about the nature of the causal relation.  相似文献   
985.
Causal factuals     
Martin Bunzl 《Erkenntnis》1984,21(3):367-384
  相似文献   
986.
EMDISP provides general-purpose assembly language routines that can be called from higher level languages to produce specific application programs for experiments involving visual displays, manual responses, and analogue sampling (e.g., eye movement recording). The display system assumes the use of fast-phosphor oscilloscopes driven by 12-bit digital-to-analogue converters (DACs) to produce point-by-point displays. Within these limitations, EMDISP offers a flexible and efficient method of generating displays, in which elements of a complex display are defined as separate “pictures” and are controlled independently. High-level control of digital and analogue sampling are provided, enabling interactions between the contents of the display and analogue and digital inputs.  相似文献   
987.
Studies which have examined low tar and nicotine (LT/LN) cigarette smoking have failed, for the most part, to assess adequately the long-term effects of these cigarettes. Most studies have been short-term laboratory investigations of nicotine regulation. More practical strategies for changing to LT/LN cigarettes have largely been ignored. The present study examined long-term changes in smoking patterns following the gradual introduction of LT/LN cigarette smoking. Predicted increases in reported rates of consumption as well as carbon monoxide (CO) levels were not found for most smokers following changes to LT/LN cigarettes. Generally, smokers showed decreased rates of consumption, and a majority had lower CO levels at the end of treatment and during follow-up. Thus, LT/LN cigarette smoking would appear to be an alternative treatment goal for risk reduction in individuals who cannot stop smoking.  相似文献   
988.
Some problems and prospects for the emerging discipline of applied developmental psychology are analyzed. A working definition of applied developmental psychology is offered, along with a categorization scheme which places developmental psychologists along the basic-applied continuum. Some of the tasks that applied developmentalists can perform are listed, followed by a discussion of the boundaries of applied developmental, particularly the boundary with clinical psychology. Next, the training of applied developmental psychologists at the predoctoral and postdoctoral levels is explored. Finally, some of the professional issues that might confront applied developmentalists as the field evolves are described.  相似文献   
989.
Rapid smoking (RS) and a less aversive rapid-puffing (RP) treatment were compared on ability to enhance the impact of a behavioral-counseling (BC) procedure on psychophysiological, attitudinal and behavioral response to cigarettes. Data reveal that both aversive smoking treatments resulted in less smoking once treatment began, reduced smoking in post-treatment taste tests, and superior follow-up performance at 6 months and 1 yr. At 1 yr, RS S s achieved the highest number of days abstinent of any group. Regression analyses showed that Ss' confidence ratings of remaining abstinent were highly predictive of follow-up status, and that these ratings were related to number of cigarettes smoked during treatment and amount of smoking during post-treatment taste tests.  相似文献   
990.
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