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91.
Two experiments are reported which investigated whether or not the offset of light can serve as a backward masking stimulus (MS). In both studies, human Os made identification responses to graphemes (TS) presented tachistoscopically on a lighted field. Simultaneously with or at short intervals after TS offset, the lighted background field was shut off. The termination of the background field served as the MS. The results indicated a reliable masking effect due to light 相似文献
92.
93.
In these studies, we examined predictions of the time-course model of word recognition (Seidenberg, 1985b; Seidenberg, Waters, Barnes, & Tanenhaus, 1984). The model suggests that effects of irregular spelling or pronunciation should be specific to more slowly recognized words, such as lower frequency items, as shown in previous studies and replicated here. The model also explains why effects of irregular pronunciation are more robust in naming than in lexical decisions: Only the effects in lexical decisions depend on subjects’ response criteria. We show that these criteria are affected by the composition of the stimuli in an experiment (i.e., whether irregularly spelled words are present) and by pressure to respond quickly. In contrast to the dual-route model of word recognition, the time-course model accounts for these task differences without assuming that subjects strategically control access to phonology. 相似文献
94.
95.
David Caplan Gloria S. Waters 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1994,47(4):1055-1062
We report a partial replication of previous results by Caplan, Rochon, and Waters (1992), using methods that address objections raised by Baddeley and Andrade (this issue) and that improve on several techniques used by them. The results cast doubts on the role of articulation in determining the word length effect in span, and hence on the role of articulation in rehearsal. 相似文献
96.
Ellen-Marie Forsberg Frank O. Anthun Sharon Bailey Giles Birchley Henriette Bout Carlo Casonato Gloria González Fuster Bert Heinrichs Serge Horbach Ingrid Skjæggestad Jacobsen Jacques Janssen Matthias Kaiser Inge Lerouge Barend van der Meulen Sarah de Rijcke Thomas Saretzki Margit Sutrop Marta Tazewell Krista Varantola Knut Jørgen Vie Hub Zwart Mira Zöller 《Science and engineering ethics》2018,24(4):1023-1034
This document presents the Bonn PRINTEGER Consensus Statement: Working with Research Integrity—Guidance for research performing organisations. The aim of the statement is to complement existing instruments by focusing specifically on institutional responsibilities for strengthening integrity. It takes into account the daily challenges and organisational contexts of most researchers. The statement intends to make research integrity challenges recognisable from the work-floor perspective, providing concrete advice on organisational measures to strengthen integrity. The statement, which was concluded February 7th 2018, provides guidance on the following key issues:
相似文献
- § 1.Providing information about research integrity
- § 2.Providing education, training and mentoring
- § 3.Strengthening a research integrity culture
- § 4.Facilitating open dialogue
- § 5.Wise incentive management
- § 6.Implementing quality assurance procedures
- § 7.Improving the work environment and work satisfaction
- § 8.Increasing transparency of misconduct cases
- § 9.Opening up research
- § 10.Implementing safe and effective whistle-blowing channels
- § 11.Protecting the alleged perpetrators
- § 12.Establishing a research integrity committee and appointing an ombudsperson
- § 13.Making explicit the applicable standards for research integrity
97.
Andrés Molero-Chamizo José R. Alameda Bailén Tamara Garrido Béjar Macarena García López Inmaculada Jaén Rodríguez Carolina Gutiérrez Lérida Silvia Pérez Panal Gloria González Ángel Laura Lemus Corchero María J. Ruiz Vega Michael A. Nitsche Guadalupe N. Rivera-Urbina 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2018,18(1):167-175
Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) induces long-term potentiation-like plasticity, which is associated with long-lasting effects on different cognitive, emotional, and motor performances. Specifically, tDCS applied over the motor cortex is considered to improve reaction time in simple and complex tasks. The timing of tDCS relative to task performance could determine the efficacy of tDCS to modulate performance. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a single session of anodal tDCS (1.5 mA, for 15 min) applied over the left primary motor cortex (M1) versus sham stimulation on performance of a go/no-go simple reaction-time task carried out at three different time points after tDCS—namely, 0, 30, or 60 min after stimulation. Performance zero min after anodal tDCS was improved during the whole course of the task. Performance 30 min after anodal tDCS was improved only in the last block of the reaction-time task. Performance 60 min after anodal tDCS was not significantly different throughout the entire task. These findings suggest that the motor cortex excitability changes induced by tDCS can improve motor responses, and these effects critically depend on the time interval between stimulation and task performance. 相似文献
98.
Wild capuchin monkeys select stone tools to crack open nuts on the basis of their weight and friability, two non-visual functional
properties. Here, we investigated whether they would select new stick-like tools on the basis of their rigidity. In Experiment
1, subjects faced an out-of-reach reward and a choice of three unfamiliar tools differing in color, diameter, material, and
rigidity. In order to retrieve the reward, capuchins needed to select the rigid tool exemplar. Capuchins gathered information
regarding tools’ pliability either by (1) manipulating the tools themselves (manipulation condition), (2) observing a human
demonstrator repeatedly bending the tools (observation condition), or (3) seeing the tools placed on a platform without any
manipulation taking place (visual static condition). Subjects selected the rigid tool above chance levels in both the manipulation
and observation conditions, but not in the visual static condition. In Experiment 2, subjects needed to select and use a flexible
tool to access a liquid reward (as opposed to the rigid tool, as in previous experiment). Again, capuchins selected above
chance levels the appropriate tool (i.e., flexible), thus demonstrating a good appreciation of the relation between the tool
properties and the task requirements. 相似文献
99.
In this article, we review family therapy's history regarding community concerns and broader societal issues; offer a model of levels of therapists' involvement with communities and community systems; and propose that family therapists join the citizen activation movement by becoming catalytic partners with families in communities. We call for a new kind of community practice that is driven less by therapist-defined problems and professional expertise, and more by community-defined problems and families' own expertise. 相似文献
100.
Krahn GL Hammond L Turner A 《Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews》2006,12(1):70-82
People with ID represent approximately 2% of the population and, as a group, experience poorer health than the general population. This article presents recent conceptualizations that begin to disentangle health from disability, summarizes the literature from 1999 to 2005 in terms of the cascade of disparities, reviews intervention issues and promising practices, and provides recommendations for future action and research. The reconceptualization of health and disability examines health disparity in terms of the determinants of health (genetic, social circumstances, environment, individual behaviors, health care access) and types of health conditions (associated, comorbid, secondary). The literature is summarized in terms of a cascade of disparities experienced by people with ID, including a higher prevalence of adverse conditions, inadequate attention to care needs, inadequate focus on health promotion, and inadequate access to quality health care services. Promising practices are reviewed from the perspective of persons with ID, providers of care and services, and policies that influence systems of care. Recommendations across multiple countries and organizations are synthesized as guidelines to direct future action. They call for promoting principles of early identification, inclusion, and self-determination of people with ID; reducing the occurrence and impact of associated, comorbid, and secondary conditions; empowering caregivers and family members; promoting healthy behaviors in people with ID; and ensuring equitable access to quality health care by people with ID. Their broadscale implementations would begin to reduce the health disparity experienced by people with ID. 相似文献