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231.
Courtney R. Lincoln Beth S. Russell Erin B. Donohue Lauren E. Racine 《Journal of child and family studies》2017,26(2):559-573
Emotion regulation is a complex process that begins in infancy and continues through childhood with parents’ support. Early parent-child interactions shape the way children learn emotion management. We took a sociocultural and social learning approach to exploring the specific components of mother-child interactions that are related to mothers’ perceptions of her child’s regulatory ability and the child’s observed emotion regulation. Thirty mothers and their preschool children were recruited from two New England urban areas: one community sample and one head start sample. Dyads engaged in a free play session, children completed an observed compliance task, and mothers completed a set of questionnaires assessing their perceptions of their child’s regulation. Regression analyses revealed that maternal behaviors during free play predicted child’s observed hostility (F (2,29)?=?3.137, p?<?.05) and mothers’ perceptions of her child’s regulatory ability predicted observed child compliance (F (2, 17)?=?4.990, p?<?.05). Child behaviors during play significantly predicted child’s compliance (F (3,20)?=?4.722, p?<?.05) and child’s hostility (F (1, 26)?=?9.220, p?<?.001). Maternal modeling and intentional scaffolding as well as perceptions of her child’s regulatory capacity have a powerful impact on her child’s observed regulation. Results indicate that it is particularly important for mothers of preschoolers to support autonomy while guiding socially appropriate behavior. Interventions that target improving mothers’ negative perceptions of their children, educating on appropriate preschool expectations, and facilitating preschoolers’ mature play may help mothers interact with their children in the ways that foster children’s autonomous emotion regulation. 相似文献
232.
It has often been suggested that Gestalt-like visual grouping processes may operate preattentively, but Mack and Rock (1998) suggested that no visual grouping takes place under “inattention.” We introduced a new method to assess this. While participants performed a demanding change-detection task on a small matrix at fixation, task-irrelevant background elements were arranged by color similarity into columns, rows, or pseudorandomly. Independent of any change in the target matrix, background grouping could also change or remain the same on each trial. This influenced accuracy of change judgments for the central task, even though background grouping or its change usually could not be explicitly reported when probed with surprise questions as in Mack and Rock. This suggests that visual grouping may arise implicitly under inattention and provides a new method for testing the boundaries of this processing. Here we extended the initial result to changes in background grouping remote from the target and to those occurring across an intervening saccade. 相似文献
233.
Tolerance of Sexual Harassment: An Examination of Gender Differences,Ambivalent Sexism,Social Dominance,and Gender Roles 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this study we examined the effects of gender, gender roles (masculinity and femininity), ambivalent sexism, and social dominance orientation with regard to tolerance of sexual harassment. It was predicted that women would be less tolerant than men of sexual harassment, however, men and women who were tolerant of sexual harassment would share ambivalence and hostility toward women, and they would exhibit higher levels of social dominance and masculinity. Results partially supported the hypotheses. Women were significantly less tolerant of harassment than men were, however, regression analyses showed that ambivalent sexism and hostility toward women accounted for the majority of total variance (35%), followed by gender (5%), social dominance (1%), femininity (0.7%), and nonsexism (0.6%). Masculinity and benevolent sexism were not significant predictors. Results suggest that ambivalence and hostility toward women are much greater predictors of tolerance of sexual harassment than is gender alone. 相似文献
234.
Russell E. Ward Jr. 《Sex roles》2004,51(11-12):697-708
The purpose of this study was to examine sports symbols of colleges and universities for evidence of sexism and to identify factors that differentiated schools with andwithout sexist nicknames for their athletic teams. Data on team names and eight measures of women’s athleticism were collected from 112 colleges and universities for the 2000–2001 academic year. MANCOVA results revealed that women’s athleticism was stronger at schools with nonsexist nicknames for seven of the eight measures, although only one statistically significant difference was observed. Schools with nonsexist nicknames had a significantly higher percentage of assistant coaches who were women. Discussion focuses on why there may be more athletic opportunities and athletic resources for women at schools with nonsexist nicknames. 相似文献
235.
Kate M. Russell 《Sex roles》2004,51(9-10):561-574
In this study I investigated the development of body satisfaction among women rugby players, cricketers, and netballers. I also sought to assess the impact of sport participation on both athletic and “feminin” identity. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 rugby players, 10 cricketers, and 10 netballers. The interviews focused on the experience of playing sport and the impact sport had made on respondents' perceptions of their bodies. Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to explore the interview data it was found that, although sport participation did lead to positive perceptions of their bodies, this effect was transient. Once placed in a social environment body satisfaction decreased, and women's perceptions of their bodies changed because of a perceived demand to conform to socially accepted and expected norms of (heterosexual) physical attractiveness. Fear of being perceived as lesbian and the perceived naturalness of body concern were also identified. 相似文献
236.
We conducted two studies investigating the relationship of gratitude to autobiographical memory of positive and negative life
events. Gratitude was assessed with an attitudinal measure and college students were asked to recall both positive and negative
events from their past. In both studies, a significant positive relationship was found between trait gratitude and a positive
memory bias. In Study 2 it was found that gratitude still reliably predicted positive memory bias after controlling for depression.
Further, it was found that a positive intrusive memory bias was associated with gratitude in both studies. Thus, an important
component of gratitude may be an enhanced tendency to recall positive events from one's life. 相似文献
237.
In prior research, preschoolers were surprisingly poor at naming the emotion purportedly signaled by prototypical facial expressions—when shown as static images. To determine whether this poor performance is due to the use of static stimuli, rather than dynamic, we presented preschoolers (3-5 years) with facial expressions as either static images or dynamic audiovisual clips. Dynamic clips presented face alone (Study 1, N = 48) or face, body movement, and vocal intonation (Study 2, N = 72). Contrary to expectations, dynamic presentation did not increase children's naming of the emotion in either study and decreased it in Study 1. 相似文献
238.
Russell E. Johnson Christopher C. Rosen Chu-Hsiang Chang 《Journal of business and psychology》2011,26(3):241-248
The use of higher-order multidimensional constructs (i.e., latent constructs comprised of standalone variables) in the organizational
psychology and behavior literatures is becoming commonplace. Despite their advantages (e.g., greater parsimony and bandwidth),
the development and validation of such constructs often unfolds in an indiscriminant fashion. It is not surprising, then,
that much debate has arisen regarding the viability of many higher-order constructs. In this article, we outline ten recommendations
for improving the construct- and criterion-related validity of higher-order constructs. Chief among these recommendations
include the need for researchers to specify precise theoretical and empirical inclusion criteria, to rule out alternative
explanations for the emergence of a higher-order factor and to assess incremental and relative importance. To illustrate how
these recommendations play out, we apply them to core self-evaluation as an example. We believe that higher-order constructs
may offer unique insight into work-relevant phenomena, provided they are established via rigorous means. 相似文献
239.
Russell Haber 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2011,33(1):71-84
In 1976, Virginia Satir began Satir Family Camp (SFC) with therapists and their personal families. Initially, it was a context
for the family to experience Satir’s concepts and techniques so that the family system would change along with the therapist.
The training of therapists is no longer a significant part of camp; relationships with self, family, friends, and the community
is now the main focal point. The process and governance of the camp is presented along with a lengthy anecdote of an experiential
family session. These two features—community function and personal/familial growth—inextricably work together to provide a
validating environment that supports desired changes. 相似文献
240.
The present study was designed to explore the relationship between self-reported dissociative experiences and performance in tasks eliciting right-hemisphere processing load. Thirty-four participants (10 men and 24 women) performed a vigilance task in two conditions: with task-irrelevant negative-arousing pictures and task-irrelevant neutral pictures. Dissociation was assessed with the Dissociative Experience Scale. Consistent with theories positing right-hemisphere deregulation in high non-clinical dissociators, dissociative experiences correlated with greater vigilance decrement only in the negative picture condition. As both the vigilance task and negative picture processing are right lateralized, this result provides support for a right-hemisphere dysfunction in high dissociators, at least in negative conditions. 相似文献