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Research has documented that adolescents and young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased
risk for cigarette smoking, but less attention has examined why this risk exists. The current paper reviews the literature
on different psychosocial mechanisms [self-medication hypothesis, social factors (social modeling, social impairments), cognitive
factors (attitudes, coping skills), and psychological variables (ADHD symptom dimensions, comorbidity)] that might explain
this increased smoking risk. Results of the review suggest that, while the self-medication hypothesis has some theoretical
merit, it has not been adequately examined among adolescents and young adults with ADHD. Further, cognitive and social factors
may be important mechanisms that help to explain the association between ADHD and cigarette smoking, but research in these
areas is sparse. Finally, a larger body of literature suggests that different psychological aspects of ADHD (e.g., comorbidity,
symptom dimensions) are related to smoking. Interpretation of findings of many of these studies was hindered due to significant
methodological problems and the lack of a guiding theoretical orientation. Potential theories that might facilitate future
work in this area are discussed. Future research should continue to explore these important psychosocial mechanisms as well
as gene–environment interactions in examining the link between ADHD and cigarette smoking. 相似文献
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Helping Callers to the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline Who Are at Imminent Risk of Suicide: Evaluation of Caller Risk Profiles and Interventions Implemented 下载免费PDF全文
Madelyn S. Gould PhD MPH Alison M. Lake MA Jimmie Lou Munfakh BA Hanga Galfalvy PhD Marjorie Kleinman MS Caitlin Williams BA Andrew Glass MS Richard McKeon PhD MPH 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2016,46(2):172-190
Crisis lines are settings where identifying individuals at imminent risk of suicidal behavior and intervening to keep them safe are critical activities. We examined clinical characteristics of crisis callers assessed by telephone crisis helpers as being at imminent risk of suicide, and the interventions implemented with these callers. Data were derived from 491 call reports completed by 132 helpers at eight crisis centers in the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline network. Helpers actively engaged the callers in collaborating to keep themselves safe on 76.4% of calls and sent emergency services without the callers' collaboration on 24.6% of calls. Four different profiles of imminent risk calls emerged. Caller profiles and some helper characteristics were associated with intervention type. Our findings provide a first step toward an empirical formulation of imminent risk warning signs and recommended interventions. 相似文献
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Newman Robert Glass 《Teaching Theology & Religion》2008,11(4):239-240
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