The Price of Friendship: When,Why, and How Relational Norms Guide Social Exchange Behavior

This article critically examines McGraw and Tetlock's (2005) notion of relational framing and offers directions for future development of the conceptual model. I begin by discussing the inherent limitations of scenario studies and show how the emergence of attribution analysis in real interpersonal interactions may qualify the results obtained in these studies. I then discuss the norm consistency and social identity maintenance mechanisms proposed in the article and advance several alternative mediators of the phenomenon, including affect and anticipated interaction. I recommend experimental designs that could be used to isolate the role of the different mediators and suggest the incorporation of process measures. I end with a discussion of conditions under which relational framing may not matter and propose a research agenda for consumer researchers interested in building on the solid foundation laid by McGraw and Tetlock.     

A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Personality Structure Through the Lens of the HEXACO Model

Across 5 different samples, totaling more than 1,600 participants from India, Indonesia, Oman, Romania, and Thailand, the authors address the question of cross-cultural replicability of a personality structure, while exploring the utility of exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) as a data analysis technique in cross-cultural personality research. Personality was measured with an alternative, non–Five-Factor Model (FFM) personality framework, provided by the HEXACO–PI (Lee &; Ashton, 2004 Lee, K., &; Ashton, M. C. (2004). Psychometric properties of the HEXACO personality inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 329–358.[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). The results show that the HEXACO framework was replicated in some of the investigated cultures. The ESEM data analysis technique proved to be especially useful in investigating the between-group measurement equivalence of broad personality measures across different cultures.     

A gendered approach to workforce participation patterns over the life course for an Australian baby boom cohort

Population ageing and its future implications for governments and individuals have been central to much policy debate and research targeted to retain older people in the workforce. This study identified workforce participation patterns across the adult life course for women and men entering later life, and explored the influences of various early and adult life socio-demographic circumstances. Data were collected from 1261 men and women aged 60 to 64 years in the Life History and Health (LHH) Survey (a sub-study of the Sax Institute's 45 and Up Study, Australia) in 2010–11. LHH provides detailed information on personal histories of paid work, socio-economic resources from childhood (number of books and father's occupation) and adult life factors such as educational attainment, marital histories, childcare and informal caring. Latent class analysis (LCA) was undertaken to identify patterns of workforce participation for participants across their adult life. Significant gender differences were confirmed. Further analysis (LCA with covariates) showed that women who reported having books during childhood, and those who had post-school qualification, were more likely to have mostly been in paid work and less likely to have not been in paid work; while ever partnered women had significantly higher odds of increasing part time work over time. Men who had reported ever having had informal caring activities were likely to have had decreasing participation in paid work over time, and were highly likely to be not in paid work after 55 years. Ever partnered status was protective for being in paid work for men. These findings indicate the need for gender-specific policies and strategies to enable continued workforce participation throughout adult life and into later working years, particularly for people who had fewer social or economic opportunities earlier in life.     

Similarity Index: A New Approach to Measuring Doctor–Patient Communication

This study was designed to measure quality of communication between doctors and patients taking a new bi-directional approach by applying similarity index. Further, this study verified the efficacy of such new measurement in distinguishing the established influence of quality of communication on clinical adherence. A sample of 300 patients with primary hypertension along with 30 doctors were administered the Health Communication Checklist-Parallel Form. Clinical adherence of these patients was rated by Hypertension Compliance Scale. Results found higher adherence in patients belonging to high quality of communication indicating the efficacy of similarity index method. This method requires the use of tailored checklist of parallel form to suit the context of the disease. It helps in evaluative research in the field of biopsychosocial approach to health and well-being.     

Automatic emotional information processing and the cortisol response to acute psychosocial stress

Attentional shifting may represent a means of regulating the stress response. Previously, automatic processing of emotional information was predictive of subsequent cortisol levels during a repeated loss stressor (Ellenbogen, Schwartzman, Stewart, & Walker, 2006). The stress induction did not, however, elicit a substantive cortisol increase. Thus, we sought to replicate this finding using the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), a validated psychosocial stress induction. Seventy-nine students performed a modified spatial cuing task with supraliminal and masked pictorial stimuli during the TSST (n = 36) and a control condition (n = 43). The TSST elicited a greater cortisol response than did the control condition [F(1,76) = 4.6, p < .05]. Attentional shifting during trials with masked angry faces predicted cortisol change during the TSST (β = .76; t = 2.1, p < .05), but not during the control condition. These data suggest that early automatic emotional information processing is important in the regulation of the cortisol stress response, although the direction of effect is not known.     

Untersuchungen zur Handlungs- und Affektpsychologie

Zusammenfassung Es wurde geprüft, ob das Menstruum einen Einfluß auf die Neigung ausübt, gewisse ziemlich minutiöse Arbeiten während einer längeren Zeit durchzuführen.Es ergab sich für jede von 12 Vpn. und für jede der im Versuch geprüften 7 Beschäftigungsarten eine ausgesprochene Beschleunigung der psychischen Sättigung. Die Erhöhung der Sättigungsgeschwindigkeit betrug bei diesen Beschäftigungen, an der Zeit gemessen, durchschnittlich 32%, an der Arbeitsquantität gemessen, durchschnittlich 29%.Eine Erhöhung der Sättigungsgeschwindigkeit braucht aber keine Verschlechterung der Arbeitsleistung mit sich zu bringen. Die Arbeitsgeschwindigkeit zeigt in unseren Versuchen vielmehr durchschnittlich eher die Tendenz zu einer geringen Erhöhung im Menstruum, die Arbeitsqualität bleibt durchschnittlich gleich. Leistungsversuche mit vorgeschriebener Arbeitsdauer bzw. vorgeschriebenem Arbeitsquantum bestätigten dieses letztere Ergebnis: das Menstruum brachte keine oder nur unwesentliche Verschiebungen mit sich.