Comparative advertising is seen as an effective means of conveying the differentiating advantages of a brand. Nevertheless,
several studies show that a primary effect of comparative advertising is to lead consumers to associate the advertised brand
with the competitor brand identified within the ad: it seems that comparison generates perceived similarity among brands instead
of differentiation, per se. In order to clarify the issue, the aim of the research is to investigate the relative effectiveness
of comparative and non-comparative advertising in communicating the differentiating attributes of a brand. 相似文献
The goal of this study is to characterize observers’ abilities to discriminate between endogenous (i.e., self-produced) and exogenous changes. To do so, we developed a new experimental paradigm. On each trial, participants were shown a dot pattern on the screen. Next, the pattern disappeared and participants were to reproduce it. Changes were surreptuously introduced in the stimulus, either by presenting participants anew with the dot pattern they had themselves produced on the previous trial (endogenous change) or by presenting participants with a slightly different dot pattern (exogenous changes). We analyzed awareness of the changes and behavioral adaptation to them in a dynamical manner. We observe (1) signal attenuation in the presence of endogenous change, (2) dissociation between self-attribution reports and behavioral effect of agency. We discuss the source of this sensitive attenuation as well as the relation between a minimal or core self and an extended, narrative or autobiographical self. 相似文献
The new concept of embodied cognition theories has been enthusiastically studied by the cognitive sciences, by as well as such disparate disciplines as philosophy, anthropology, neuroscience, and robotics. Embodiment theory provides the framework for ongoing discussions on the linkage between “low” cognitive processes as perception and “high” cognition as language processing and comprehension, respectively. This review gives an overview along the lines of argumentation in the ongoing debate on the embodiment of language and employs an ALE meta-analysis to illustrate and weigh previous findings. The collected evidence on the somatotopic activation of motor areas, abstract and concrete word processing, as well as from reported patient and timing studies emphasizes the important role of sensorimotor areas in language processing and supports the hypothesis that the motor system is activated during language comprehension. 相似文献
Reports that visual search is more efficient for vertically than for horizontally shaded objects suggested that search is
influenced by a priori knowledge about the source of light. In this study, we examined search for targets defined by the orientation
of luminance gradients and measured event-related brain potentials (ERPs). In Experiment 1, we examined search for stimuli
that comprised gradual luminance differences. Response times showed the expected orientation anisotropy effect. ERP amplitudes
in the P1 latency range were slightly more positive in response to horizontally oriented stimuli, whereas P3 amplitudes were
more positive in response to nonsingleton vertically oriented stimuli. Experiment 2 compared search for stimuli that comprised
gradual versus step differences in luminance. All the anisotropies that we observed in Experiment 1 could be replicated in
Experiment 2. Moreover, these anisotropies were not dependent on the type of the luminance gradient. This finding is inconsistent
with the view that search efficiency is influenced by a priori knowledge about the source of light. The behavioral and electrophysiological
data are consistent with a context model of visual search. We propose that contextual modulation reduces redundancy and contributes
to computing the saliency of visual information by implementing divisive normalization and multiplicative filtering. 相似文献
Rational beliefs and actions are typically evaluated against certain benchmarks, e.g., those of classical logic or probability theory. Rationality therefore is traditionally taken to involve some sort of reasoning, which in turn implies contentful cognition. Radically Enactive (and Embodied) views of Cognition (REC), on the other hand, claim that not all cognition is contentful. In order to show that rationality does not need to lie outside of REC’s scope of radicalizing cognition, I develop a Radically Enactive notion of Rationality (RER), according to which rationality is embodied, situated and contentless. For RER, an organism acts rationally insofar as it sustains a proficient interaction with its environment, which in turn requires the coordination of cognitive abilities in accordance with environmental constraints. Rationality is thus distinguished from reasoning, for reasoning is understood as a capacity to coordinate representational cognitive abilities.
An evolutionary framework was used to develop a model of relational functioning among friends. The proposed model focuses on the collaborative nature of close friendships and attempts to highlight two adaptive mechanisms important in creating non‐zero‐sum outcomes among highly interdependent parties. The model emphasizes the importance of reciprocity in creating mutually beneficial outcomes through social exchange, and it articulates how the preference for similarity is useful when creating non‐zero‐sum rewards through synergistic coordination. In particular, the focus is on the unique role that shared interests and mutual knowledge play when individuals attempt to pursue common goals through joint activity. The implications of the model are discussed with respect to a host of issues ranging from deceptive communication to relational satisfaction and commitment. 相似文献
The concept of simultaneous masking in visual field is discussed, in the light of classical examples, of the various kinds of the phenomenon, of a modal completion, of the figure/ground phenomenon, of ambiguous and reversible figures, of mimicry and camouflage and eventually of the complexity of the stimulus. There is some reference to masking in auditory field. The “reality” of the masked configuration is discussed, drawing the conclusion that it is perceptually unreal. The fact that the masking phenomenon cannot take place without comparison between two perceptual acts – what we see at one moment and what we see a moment after LATER – and the fact that the masked configuration pops out with some surprise, lead to the conclusion that simultaneous masking in visual field is not a bare perceptual phenomenon, but a psychological process not unlike insight 相似文献
In my recent article, I addressed the question of whether a potential categorical exclusion of decisionally impaired patients
from non-therapeutic medical research would be inaccordance with the Principle of Justice as Fairness. I came to the conclusion
that a categorical exclusion of decisionally impaired persons from relevant research projects may collide with Rawls’s understanding
of Justice as Fairness. Derek Bell has criticized my paper by denying that it is legitimate to apply Rawls to this bioethical
problem. In my restatement I try to show that an extrapolation of John Rawls’s thought to such bioethical cases is possible,
because Rawls himself has written that his orientation towards decisionally non-impaired persons is an idealized situation
that allows extrapolations. In a second part I try to show that Bell hasroughly misunderstood my concept of “presumed consent”
which I make a prerequisite for the legitimisation of research on decisionally impaired persons. In using advance consent
as a proposal for resolving the problem, Bell has indirectly confirmed my approach because he is using a similar construct
of consent, which operates with similar hypotheses and probabilities of error. I see here no categorical difference between
Bell’s conclusion and my discussion. Thus, Bell’s reply does not represent a refutation of my thoughts, but rather it is a
para phrased confirmation of my central theses. I conclude by showing the relevance of Rawls, pointing out that the discussion
between Bell and me illustrates how Rawls’s concept of reflective equilibrium is an appropriate approach to finding a solution
to this bioethical problem.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献