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21.
We investigated the unimanual actions of a biological family group of twelve western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) using a methodological approach designed to assess behavior within social context from a bottom-up perspective. Measures
of both the lateralization of unimanual actions (left, right) and the target of the action (animate, inanimate) were assessed
during dual, synchronized video observations of naturalistic behavior. This paper demonstrates a corelationship between handedness
and the animate quality of the target object. Analyses demonstrated a significant interaction between lateralized unimanual
actions and target animacy and a right-hand bias for actions directed toward inanimate targets. We suggest that lateralized
motor preference reflects the different processing capabilities of the left and right hemispheres, as influenced by the emotive
(animate) and/or functional (inanimate) characteristics of the target, respectively. 相似文献
22.
Rugani R Regolin L Vallortigara G 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2008,34(3):388-399
Chicks were trained to discriminate small sets of identical elements. They were then tested for choices (unrewarded) between sets of similar numerosities, when continuous physical variables such as spatial distribution, contour length, and overall surface were equalized. In all conditions chicks discriminated one versus two and two versus three stimulus sets. Similar results were obtained when elements were presented under conditions of partial occlusion. In contrast, with sets of four versus five, four versus six, and three versus four elements chicks seemed unable to discriminate on the basis of number, although nonnumerical discrimination based on perceptual cues was observed. This adds to increasing evidence for discrimination of small numerosities of up to three elements in human infants and nonhuman animals. 相似文献
23.
Barrios V Kwan VS Ganis G Gorman J Romanowski J Keenan JP 《Consciousness and cognition》2008,17(2):451-Consciousness
Self-enhancement is the biasing of one’s view of oneself in a positive direction. The brain correlates of self-enhancement remain unclear though it has been reported that the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) may be important for producing self-enhancing responses. Previous studies have not examined whether the neural correlates of self-enhancement depend on the particular domain in which individuals are enhancing themselves. Both moralistic and egoistic words were presented to participants while transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied to the MPFC, precuneus or in a sham orientation. Participants were asked to make decisions as to the words describing themselves, some of which were positive and some of which were negative. It was found the MPFC TMS significantly disrupted egoistic self-enhancement when TMS was delivered to the MPFC. Judgments involving moralistic words were not influenced by TMS. These data provide further evidence that MPFC is involved in self-enhancement, and that the role of MPFC may be selective in this regard. 相似文献
24.
Non-human animals and human children can make use of the geometric shape of an environment for spatial reorientation and in
some circumstances reliance on purely geometric information (metric properties of surfaces and sense) can overcome the use
of local featural cues. Little is known as to whether the use of geometric information is in some way reliant on past experience
or, as would likely be argued by advocates of the notion of a geometric module, it is innate. We tested the navigational abilities
of newborn domestic chicks reared in either rectangular or circular cages. Chicks were trained in a rectangular-shaped enclosure
with panels placed at the corners to provide salient featural cues. Rectangular-reared and circular-reared chicks proved equally
able to learn the task. When tested after removal of the featural cues, both rectangular- and circular-reared chicks showed
evidence that they had spontaneously encoded geometric information. Moreover, when trained in a rectangular-shaped enclosure
without any featural cues, chicks reared in rectangular-, circular-, or c-shaped cages proved to be equally able to learn
and perform the task using geometric information. These results suggest that effective use of geometric information for spatial
reorientation does not require experience in environments with right angles and metrically distinct surfaces, thus supporting
the hypothesis of a predisposed geometric module in the animal brain. 相似文献
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27.
Elena Clara Lucia Regolin Giorgio Vallortigara Lesley J. Rogers 《Animal cognition》2009,12(6):755-765
Spontaneous preferences towards possible prey have been little investigated using targets in motion. Preferences of domestic
chicks (Gallus gallus) to peck at video-images of stimuli representing live insects moving along their longer body axis (i.e. “forwards”) or along
the shorter body axis (i.e. “sideways”) were investigated. Chicks presented with both types of stimulus displayed a significant
preference for pecking at stimuli moving sideways. This preference was already present on day 1 post-hatching, and it strengthened
on day 6 for those chicks that had experienced pecking at live insects. Head angles used to fixate the stimuli prior to pecking
were also analysed and were consistent (i.e. 30°–35° and 60°–65°) with those reported for fixation of non-edible targets (larger
stimuli at a distance). In a first control experiment the same video-presented stimuli were used but the insect’s legs were
removed to reduce flickering. In a second control experiment, paper-printed images of the whole insect were used. In both
cases, the sideways direction of movement was clearly preferred. Overall, our data show that chicks have a spontaneous preference
to peck at video-images resembling live insects moving along their shorter body axis. Sideways movement may constitute a crucial
signal attracting chicks’ attention and enhancing predatory responses possibly because of stronger stimulation of motion detectors. 相似文献
28.
The ability to recognize three-dimensional objects from two-dimensional (2-D) displays was investigated in domestic chicks,
focusing on the role of the object’s motion. In Experiment 1 newly hatched chicks, imprinted on a three-dimensional (3-D)
object, were allowed to choose between the shadows of the familiar object and of an object never seen before. In Experiments
2 and 3 random-dot displays were used to produce the perception of a solid shape only when set in motion. Overall, the results
showed that domestic chicks were able to recognize familiar shapes from 2-D motion stimuli. It is likely that similar general
mechanisms underlying the perception of structure-from-motion and the extraction of 3-D information are shared by humans and
animals. The present data shows that they occur similarly in birds as known for mammals, two separate vertebrate classes;
this possibly indicates a common phylogenetic origin of these processes. 相似文献
29.
Marchetti G 《Cognitive processing》2009,10(1):7-40
The analysis of time is vitiated very often by circularity: several disciplines, such as psychology, linguistics, and neurosciences,
analyze time by using concepts or terms which already contain in themselves, or are based, on the experience and notion of
time (as when, for example, time is defined as “duration”, or when our ability to estimate durations is explained by resorting
to the notion of an internal clock). Some detailed examples of circularity in the analysis of time are given here and examined.
A way out of circularity is then given: it is represented by the proposal of attentional semantics (AS) of considering words
and their meanings in terms of the aim they serve, and the means and processes developed and implemented in order to achieve
that aim. According to AS, the main aim of words is that of indicating to, and eliciting in, the listener or reader a specific
conscious experience: namely, the conscious experience referred to by their meanings. Words achieve their main aim by conveying
the condensed instructions on the attentional operations one has to perform if one wants to consciously experience what is
expressed through and by them. By describing the conscious experiences elicited by words in terms of the attentional operations
that are responsible for the production of such conscious experiences, AS offers an a-linguistic counterpart to language,
and therefore an effective way out of circularity. Following in footsteps of Mach (Contributions to the analysis of the sensations,
1890), but slightly revising his hypothesis, AS defines time-sensation as the perception of the effort made, or alternatively
the nervous energy expended, by the organ of attention when performing a “temporal activity” (for instance, estimating duration),
that is, when one’s own attention is focused in a continuous and incremental way on the conscious product of the (“non-temporal”)
activity performed by means of another portion of one’s attention.
相似文献
Giorgio MarchettiEmail: Email: |
30.
Stephen Kosslyn William Thompson Jennifer Shephard Giorgio Ganis Deborah Bell Judith Danovitch 《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2013,25(5):696-716
The present study was designed to discover whether variations in normalised regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in different brain areas predict variations in performance of different imagery tasks. Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to assess brain activity as 16 participants performed four imagery tasks. These tasks were designed so that performance was particularly sensitive to the participant's ability to form images with high resolution, to generate images from distinct segments, to parse imaged forms into parts while inspecting them, or to transform (rotate) images. Response times and error rates were recorded. Multiple regression analyses revealed that variations in most brain areas predicted variations in performance of only one task, thus demonstrating that the four tasks tap largely independent imagery processes. However, we also found that some underlying processes were recruited by more than one task, particularly those implemented in the occipito‐parietal sulcus, the medial frontal cortex, and Area 18. 相似文献