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101.
Tasca GA Balfour L Presniak MD Bissada H 《International journal of group psychotherapy》2012,62(2):197-218
We assessed whether an attachment-based treatment, Group Psychodynamic Interpersonal Psychotherapy (GPIP) had a greater impact compared to Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (GCBT) on Cold/Distant and Intrusive/Needy interpersonal problems. Ninety-five individuals with Binge Eating Disorder (BED) were randomized to GPIP or GCBT and assessed at pre-, post-, and six months post-treatment. Both therapies resulted in a significant decrease in all eight interpersonal problem subscales except the Nonassertive subscale. GPIP resulted in a greater reduction in the Cold/Distant subscale compared to GCBT, but no differences were found for changes in the Intrusive/Needy subscale. GPIP may be most relevant for those with BED who have Cold/Distant interpersonal problems and attachment avoidance. 相似文献
102.
Although few studies have systematically investigated the relationship between visual mental imagery and visual working memory,
work on the effects of passive visual interference has generally demonstrated a dissociation between the two functions. In
four experiments, we investigated a possible commonality between the two functions: We asked whether both rely on depictive
representations. Participants judged the visual properties of letters using visual mental images or pictures of unfamiliar
letters stored in short-term memory. Participants performed both tasks with two different types of interference: sequences
of unstructured visual masks (consisting of randomly changing white and black dots) or sequences of structured visual masks
(consisting of fragments of letters). The structured visual noise contained elements of depictive representations (i.e., shape
fragments arrayed in space), and hence should interfere with stored depictive representations; the unstructured visual noise
did not contain such elements, and thus should not interfere as much with such stored representations. Participants did in
fact make more errors in both tasks with sequences of structured visual masks. Various controls converged in demonstrating
that in both tasks participants used representations that depicted the shapes of the letters. These findings not only constrain
theories of visual mental imagery and visual working memory, but also have direct implications for why some studies have failed
to find that dynamic visual noise interferes with visual working memory. 相似文献
103.
Enzo Grossi Giorgio Tavano Blessi Pier Luigi Sacco Massimo Buscema 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2012,13(1):129-148
The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of health status and cultural participation upon psychological well-being,
with special attention to the interaction between patterns of cultural access and other factors known to affect psychological
well-being. Data for this report were collected from a sample of 1,500 Italian citizens. A multi-step random sampling method
was adopted to draw a large representative sample from the Italian population. Subjects underwent a standard questionnaire
for psychological well-being [the Italian short form of the Psychological General Well Being Index (PGWBI)], and a questionnaire
related to the frequency of participation to 15 different kinds of cultural activities during the previous year. The results
show that, among the various potential factors considered, cultural access unexpectedly rankes as the second most important
determinant of psychological well-being, immediately after the absence or presence of diseases, and outperforming factors
such as job, age, income, civil status, education, place of living and other important factors. According to a semantic map
generated by a powerful data mining algorithm, it turns out that different factors (among which cultural access and health
status in particular) may be viewed as concurrent elements of a complex multi-causal scheme that seems to play a primary role
in determining psychological distress or well-being. In particular, distress seems to be tightly connected with: living in
the Southern part of Italy, average income level, living in semi-urban and urban areas, age group 46–60, presence of more
than two concomitant diseases and a low level of cultural access. Well being, on the other hand, is tightly connected with:
male gender, high cultural access, and absence of diseases. Some of these associations are confirmed by Principal Component
Analysis. 相似文献
104.
105.
Completion of partly occluded objects is a ubiquitous phenomenon in human visual perception. It is unclear, however, whether it occurs at all in other species: Studies on visual discrimination learning have revealed that animals usually attend to parts and features of the discriminative stimuli rather than to global object properties. We provide here the first demonstration of recognition of partly occluded objects in a bird species, the domestic chickGallus gallus, using the naturalistic setting made available by filial imprinting, a process whereby young birds form attachments to their mothers or some artificial substitute. In Experiment 1, newborn chicks were reared singly with a red cardboard triangle, to which they rapidly imprinted and therefore treated as a social partner. On Day 3 of life, the chicks were presented with pairs of objects composed of either isolated fragments or occluded parts of the imprinting stimulus. Chicks consistently chose to associate with complete or with partly occluded versions of the imprinting object rather than with separate fragments of it. Similarly, in Experiment 2, chicks reared with a partly occluded triangle chose to associate with a complete triangle rather than with a fragmented one, whereas chicks reared with a fragmented triangle chose to associate with a fragmented triangle and not with a complete one. Newborn chicks thus appear to behave as if they could experience amodal completion. 相似文献
106.
107.
Minimization of modal contours: an essential cross-species strategy in disambiguating relative depth 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
Two chromatically identical patterns, a diamond and a ladder, were shown on a computer touchscreen. Domestic hens were reinforced
for pecking at the pattern that was the highest up on a grid that provided pictorial depth information, i.e. on the pattern
that to a human appears as being the furthest away. Every tenth trial was a non-rewarded probe trial with the two patterns
partially overlapping. In the absence of other cues depth stratification can occur on the basis of a minimization of interpolated
occluding contours. In humans the diamond is usually perceived to be in front of the ladder because shorter interpolated contours
are needed to account for the occlusive effect of the diamond on the ladder. The hens pecked more often at the ladder during
the probe trials. The results suggest that the avian and mammalian visual systems operate along similar principles when dealing
with the problem of solving occlusion indeterminacy in chromatically homogeneous patterns.
Received: 26 March 1999 / Accepted after revision: 17 September 1999 相似文献
108.
Francesca Chiesi Giorgio Gronchi Caterina Primi 《Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale》2008,62(3):188-191
Conjunctive probabilistic reasoning has been studied at different ages to ascertain whether the conjunction fallacy is due to a task demand misinterpretation. Such a misinterpretation might occur because a task that requires a comparison between a superordinate class A and a subordinate class A&B is mistakenly interpreted as requiring a comparison between the two complementary subordinate classes of A (i.e., A&B and A¬B). Children (7- and 10-year-olds) and adults were required to make conjunctive probability judgments about problems for which explicit objective probabilities were provided. The total number of A items was kept constant and the frequencies of the A&B and of the A¬B items varied across problems. When the number of A&B items was smaller than the number of A¬B items, the frequency of congruent responses increased with age. When the number of A&B items was greater or equal to that of the A¬B items, the frequency of correct answers decreased. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
109.
Spatial reorientation in large and small enclosures: comparative and developmental perspectives 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Several vertebrate species, including humans, following passive spatial disorientation appear to be able to reorient themselves
by making use of the geometric shape of the environment (i.e., metric properties of surfaces and directional sense). In some
circumstances, reliance on such purely geometric information can overcome the use of local featural cues (landmarks). The
relative use of geometric and non-geometric information seems to depend upon, among other factors, the size of the experimental
space. Evidence in non-human animals and in human infants for primacy in encoding either geometric or landmark information
depending on the size of the environment is reviewed, together with possible theoretical accounts of this phenomenon. 相似文献
110.
This study examined overall hopelessness, explored differences in various variables (e.g. burnout) between men reporting no/mild hopelessness and moderate/severe hopelessness, and scrutinized factors associated with hopelessness. The study design was cross-sectional, and the participants were 517 men randomly selected from the general population. About 12% of men reported moderate/severe hopelessness, and men with moderate/severe hopelessness were more often older, divorced/widowed, low educated, employed in blue-collar positions, on sick leave/other/unemployment/retirement, and financially strained. They also reported more depression, posttraumatic symptoms, and burnout. Only unemployment/retirement, depression, and posttraumatic symptoms were independently associated with an increased risk for moderate/severe hopelessness in the regression analysis, with unemployment and retirement as the most important factors. In conclusion, this study seems to corroborate previous findings and may provide new insights into men's experiences and predictors of hopelessness. More research into the predictors of hopelessness in men is warranted. 相似文献