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231.
The mathematical nature of modern science is an outcome of a contingent historical process, whose most critical stages occurred in the seventeenth century. ‘The mathematization of nature’ (Koyré 1957, From the closed world to the infinite universe, 5) is commonly hailed as the great achievement of the ‘scientific revolution’, but for the agents affecting this development it was not a clear insight into the structure of the universe or into the proper way of studying it. Rather, it was a deliberate project of great intellectual promise, but fraught with excruciating technical challenges and unsettling epistemological conundrums. These required a radical change in the relations between mathematics, order and physical phenomena and the development of new practices of tracing and analyzing motion. This essay presents a series of discrete moments in this process. For mediaeval and Renaissance philosophers, mathematicians and painters, physical motion was the paradigm of change, hence of disorder, and ipso facto available to mathematical analysis only as idealized abstraction. Kepler and Galileo boldly reverted the traditional presumptions: for them, mathematical harmonies were embedded in creation; motion was the carrier of order; and the objects of mathematics were mathematical curves drawn by nature itself. Mathematics could thus be assigned an explanatory role in natural philosophy, capturing a new metaphysical entity: pure motion. Successive generations of natural philosophers from Descartes to Huygens and Hooke gradually relegated the need to legitimize the application of mathematics to natural phenomena and the blurring of natural and artificial this application relied on. Newton finally erased the distinction between nature’s and artificial mathematics altogether, equating all of geometry with mechanical practice. 相似文献
232.
Catarina Dutilh Novaes 《Synthese》2012,185(3):387-410
The paper investigates the propriety of applying the form versus matter distinction to arguments and to logic in general.
Its main point is that many of the currently pervasive views on form and matter with respect to logic rest on several substantive
and even contentious assumptions which are nevertheless uncritically accepted. Indeed, many of the issues raised by the application
of this distinction to arguments seem to be related to a questionable combination of different presuppositions and expectations;
this holds in particular of the vexed issue of demarcating the class of logical constants. I begin with a characterization
of currently widespread views on form and matter in logic, which I refer to as ‘logical hylomorphism as we know it’—LHAWKI,
for short—and argue that the hylomorphism underlying LHAWKI is mereological. Next, I sketch an overview of the historical
developments leading from Aristotelian, non-mereological metaphysical hylomorphism to mereological logical hylomorphism (LHAWKI).
I conclude with a reassessment of the prospects for the combination of hylomorphism and logic, arguing in particular that
LHAWKI is not the only and certainly not the most suitable version of logical hylomorphism. In particular, this implies that
the project of demarcating the class of logical constants as a means to define the scope and nature of logic rests on highly
problematic assumptions. 相似文献
233.
In the present article, the lexical contribution to nonword reading was evaluated using Italian pseudohomophones that contained
atypical letters or letter sequences. Pseudohomophones were read faster than orthographically matched nonwords in both mixed
(Experiment 1) and pure (Experiment 2) lists; in addition, a base-word frequency effect was obtained in both conditions. The same pseudohomophone advantage was
observed when nonwords without atypical letter sequences were mixed in the experimental list (Experiment 3 ), and it disappeared only in lexical decision, in which pseudohomophones were rejected as quickly as control nonwords. The
pattern of results was explained by assuming that, due to their orthographic properties, the Italian pseudohomophones did
not benefit from an orthographic lexical contribution and were mainly processed through the interaction system between the
sublexical mechanisms and the phonological output lexicon. 相似文献
234.
Holding an intention often interferes with other ongoing activities, indicating that resource-demanding processes are involved
in maintaining the intention and noticing the appropriate event to fulfill it. Little is known, however, about the nature
of the processes underlying this task interference effect. The goal of the present research was to decompose the processes
contributing to the task interference effect by applying the diffusion model (Ratcliff, Psychological Review 85:59–108, 1978) to an event-based prospective memory task. In the first experiment, we validated the interpretation of the response criterion
parameter (a) of the diffusion model as reflecting strategies to cope with the anticipated demands of a prospective memory task in the
context of the ongoing task. The second experiment served to investigate which underlying processes contribute to the task
interference often found with prospective memory tasks. Diffusion model analyses revealed that the task interference effect
was due to (1) less efficient processing in the more demanding than in the less demanding prospective memory task and (2)
a more conservative response criterion. We suggest that the anticipated demands and the additional processing demands of the
prospective memory task jointly contribute to the task interference effect. 相似文献
235.
How a hobby can shape cognition: visual word recognition in competitive Scrabble players 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Competitive Scrabble is an activity that involves extraordinary word recognition experience. We investigated whether that
experience is associated with exceptional behavior in the laboratory in a classic visual word recognition paradigm: the lexical
decision task (LDT). We used a version of the LDT that involved horizontal and vertical presentation and a concreteness manipulation.
In Experiment 1, we presented this task to a group of undergraduates, as these participants are the typical sample in word recognition studies.
In Experiment 2, we compared the performance of a group of competitive Scrabble players with a group of age-matched nonexpert control participants.
The results of a series of cognitive assessments showed that the Scrabble players and control participants differed only in
Scrabble-specific skills (e.g., anagramming). Scrabble expertise was associated with two specific effects (as compared to
controls): vertical fluency (relatively less difficulty judging lexicality for words presented in the vertical orientation)
and semantic deemphasis (smaller concreteness effects for word responses). These results suggest that visual word recognition
is shaped by experience, and that with experience there are efficiencies to be had even in the adult word recognition system. 相似文献
236.
In this report, we examine whether and how altered aspects of perception and attention near the hands affect one’s learning
of to-be-remembered visual material. We employed the contextual cuing paradigm of visual learning in two experiments. Participants
searched for a target embedded within images of fractals and other complex geometrical patterns while either holding their
hands near to or far from the stimuli. When visual features and structural patterns remained constant across to-be-learned
images (Exp. 1), no difference emerged between hand postures in the observed rates of learning. However, when to-be-learned scenes maintained
structural pattern information but changed in color (Exp. 2), participants exhibited substantially slower rates of learning when holding their hands near the material. This finding
shows that learning near the hands is impaired in situations in which common information must be abstracted from visually
unique images, suggesting a bias toward detail-oriented processing near the hands. 相似文献
237.
Banh MK Crane PK Rhew I Gudmundsen G Stoep AV Lyon A McCauley E 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2012,40(3):353-367
As research continues to document differences in the prevalence of mental health problems such as depression across racial/ethnic
groups, the issue of measurement equivalence becomes increasingly important to address. The Mood and Feelings Questionnaire
(MFQ) is a widely used screening tool for child and adolescent depression. This study applied a differential item functioning
(DIF) framework to data from a sample of 6th and 8th grade students in the Seattle Public School District (N = 3,593) to investigate the measurement equivalence of the MFQ. Several items in the MFQ were found to have DIF, but this
DIF was associated with negligible individual- or group-level impact. These results suggest that differences in MFQ scores
across groups are unlikely to be caused by measurement non-equivalence. 相似文献
238.
239.
Keown LJ 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2012,40(4):569-581
This prospective 3 year longitudinal study investigated preschool paternal and maternal parenting predictors of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder(ADHD) in a community sample of 93 school-age boys. Participants were recruited on the basis of inattention-hyperactivity
at age 4 and fathers and mothers were observed interacting with their sons. Teachers, fathers, and mothers reported children's
ADHD symptoms and impairment. Results from dimensional analysis showed that less observed paternal sensitivity and maternal
positive regard predicted higher levels of inattentiveness in middle childhood, and that intrusive paternal behavior was predictive
of hyperactive-impulsive behavior at school. In categorical analysis, less maternal warmth and sensitivity were predictive
of later ADHD. These predictions held after statistical adjustment for the effects of preschool ADHD behaviors and conduct
problems. At follow-up, parents of boys with ADHD reported more negative child-parent relationship perceptions than comparison
parents. Findings highlight the importance of examining responsive parenting behaviors of both fathers and mothers in relation
to multi-informant ratings of ADHD symptoms. 相似文献
240.