Grading the ‘cultural literacy’ project

The essay examines the argument advanced by E.D. Hirsch, Jr., for instituting ‘cultural literacy’ as a fundamental priority of schools. A number of confusions and equivocations in Hirsch's reasoning are identified, and the propensity of his project to indoctrinate is exposed. Among the features of Hirsch's argument shown to be troubling are his shifting construal of ‘language’, his inconsistency about the requirements of cultural literacy, and his uncritical relation to traditional images of the American past and present. The upshot is to raise the question why Hirsch's project has elicited wide support and praise.     

Referenzsemantik in der Partnermodellierung

How can we explain that an assertion on something perceived can be understood in the same manner by somebody who cannot perceive that scene? This problem bases the interest in computational linguistics in how listener modeling could possibly be harmonized with reference semantics. Mental images substituting real perception appear as a way out. The architecture of the listener model has to be adapted to the creation and use of such pictorial data structures. Furthermore, the relation between the latter and a verbal (i. e., propositional) representation must be understood. The resulting architecture of a listener model with reference semantics can be employed to solve communicational problems from three general classes in a better way, as is demonstrated by an example implementation.     

Le Développement de l'Identité Notionnelle

Cette étude vise à déterminer, dans le domaine des surfaces, les relations entre la genèse des invariants qualitatifs (identité, transitivité de l'identité) et celle des invariants' quantitatifs (identité, transitivité de l'identité). Afin d'éliminer les effets possibles d'interaction dans la mesure de ces notions, un groupe ‘A’ (n = 56, âges moyens: 5;6 et 6;6 ans) subit les épreuves Identité Qualitative et Transitivité Qualitative alors qu'un autre groupe ‘B’ (n = 82, âges moyens: 5;6, 6;6 et 7;6 ans) subit les épreuves Identité Quantitative et Transitivité Quantitative. L'analyse statistique nonparamétrique des résultats permet d'attester l'authenticité des principaux stades obtenus pour les invariants qualitatifs et les invariants quantitatifs. Pour chaque type d'invariants, le stade 3 marque le synchronisme d'acquisition des notions d'identité et de transitivité. En outre, l'âge d'acquisition des invariants qualitatifs (6;3 ans) et celui des invariants quantitatifs (7;2 ans) confirment l'antériorité génétique des premiers.     

The dimensions of stage theories

Stage theories are commonly used to represent the structure of cognitive processes in the domains of cognitive processing and cognitive development. Hierarchical unidimensional theories consisting of a single sequence of stages through which development proceeds in one direction only have predominated. However, a review of stage theories revealed that a two-dimensional, interactive (multidimensional) structure is warranted. Particularly in the area of cognitive development, results of research have supported subdivision of the stages of prominent unidimensional theories. Following this trend a small number of theorists have developed multidimensional theories, most of which consist of a sequence of stages in which each stage contains a number of subsidiary stages or levels. The emergence of a similar trend in other domains is examined, and the prospects of using an existing multidimensional framework to enable future comparisons and integration of different stage theories is explored.