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181.
The concept of confidentiality is fundamental to all forms of psychotherapy. The idea of protecting confidential material goes as far back as the Hippocratic Oath in ancient Greek history. Centuries later, authors continue to assert that "only by maintaining confidentiality can the essential groundwork of trust in treatment be developed" (Hough, 1992, p. 106). Others have even argued that without confidentiality, psychotherapy has no value (Epstein, Steingarten, Weinstein, & Nashel, 1977). Confidentiality in group psychotherapy is more complicated than in individual therapy because self-disclosure is at the core of group therapy and there are numerous people hearing the disclosures. Confidentiality in group therapy, once ignored in the literature on ethics, is gaining more attention as this modality becomes more widely practiced; so too is an acknowledgement that ethical dilemmas surrounding confidentiality in groups are commonplace. This article discusses the major considerations and dilemmas on confidentiality in group psychotherapy. We first review confidentiality broadly and discuss the ethical principles that are related to confidentiality. In the next section, we discuss the complexities of confidentiality in group psychotherapy. Finally, we review research on confidentiality in groups and describe common ethical dilemmas. 相似文献
182.
Legree PJ Heffner TS Psotka J Martin DE Medsker GJ 《The Journal of applied psychology》2003,88(1):15-26
Researchers have rarely examined stressful environments and psychological characteristics as predictors of driving behavior in the same study. The authors hypothesized that (a) safer drivers more accurately assess physical and emotional traffic hazards and (b) stress and emotional states elevate crash risk. The hypotheses were evaluated with procedural and declarative tacit driving knowledge tests requiring assessment of emotional and contextual hazards and with accident reports describing crash antecedents, including stressful events and environmental conditions. Analyses identified separate driving knowledge factors corresponding to emotional and contextual hazards that were significantly related to the crash criteria. Accident report analyses show that stress significantly elevates at-fault crash risk. The results demonstrate the importance of experiential knowledge acquired without instruction (procedural or tacit knowledge) and provide safety recommendations. 相似文献
183.
There is a growing interest in the assessment of adolescent psychopathy to enable early treatment and intervention. Recently, a self-report measure has been developed to assess psychopathic traits in adolescents. The Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD), a self-report measure of psychopathic traits, and the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV), a clinical rating scale, were administered to a sample of 100 incarcerated male adolescent offenders to assess the concurrent validity of the APSD. Results indicated that the APSD had limited concurrent validity with respect to the PCL:YV and that there appears to be a method effect in the measurement of psychopathy. Thus, it appears the APSD did not assess psychopathy in a manner parallel to that of the PCL:YV. 相似文献
184.
The ability of Antabuse (disulfiram) to influence ethanol consumption and learning in harnessed honey bees was investigated. In the first series of experiments a factorial design was used with 5 levels of ethanol concentration (0%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%), 4 doses of Antabuse (0, 37 microg/g, 3.7 microg/g, .37 microg/g), and 2 testing intervals (1 min., 10 min.). Animals were fed a single 1 microl dose of Antabuse and contact time with an ethanol solution measured. A second series of experiments investigated the influence of Antabuse on the formation of Pavlovian conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex. A factorial design was used with two levels of training (paired, unpaired), three levels of ethanol (0%, 1%, 5%), and 2 levels of pretreatment (distilled water, 3.7 microg/g). Analysis of the consumption experiments indicate that pretreatment with Antabuse reduces ethanol intake, although there was substantial variability. The findings of the Pavlovian experiments suggest that pretreatment with Antabuse significantly reduced responding to a CS signaling the availability of ethanol. 相似文献
185.
Investigated profiles of self-esteem during early adolescence and their adaptive correlates in two separate longitudinal studies. Using multidimensional ratings of self-esteem within a developmental-ecological framework, cluster analysis revealed five distinct profiles for each sample. The profiles found were characterized by differing patterns of self-evaluation across major contexts of development, including consistently positive or negative ratings for all domains as well as more variable patterns in which ratings for one or more domains (e.g., school) were elevated or diminished relative to those for other areas. Profiles, in turn, were found to be related to measures of youth adjustment both concurrently and longitudinally, independent of their associations with ratings of global self-esteem. Prospective analyses in each study further revealed that profile type predicted differential change in measures of youth adjustment over time, whereas this type of relationship was not found for global ratings of self-esteem. Implications for esteem-enhancement interventions with youth are discussed. 相似文献
186.
Patricia J Bauer Gina Annunziato Dow Kathleen A Bittinger Jennifer A Wenner 《Cognitive development》1998,13(4):27
In 2 experiments, we used elicited imitation to test the effects of the amount and type of change to a previously experienced event on 2.5-year-olds' generalization of event knowledge. In Experiment 1, children were shown and then enacted event sequences. At two subsequent visits the props used to enact some of the sequences were completely or partially replaced by functionally equivalent props. Children used the new props to enact the events, thereby demonstrating spontaneous generalization. Nevertheless, as in previous research (Bauer & Fivush, 1992), there were decrements in performance associated with the prop-change manipulation. In Experiment 2, we examined in more detail the determinants of disruption to generalization. Results indicated that an interaction of the location and amount of change within pairs of actions joined by enabling relations (i.e., change to both members of a pair of actions occurring early in the event sequence) negatively affected generalization. Across locations, there was a greater negative effect on generalization when change was made to an antecedent rather than a consequent member of an enabling pair. We suggest that influences on the accommodation of change within events can be understood by considering the organizational role played by the elements subject to change. 相似文献
187.
Partner Influences and Gender-Related Factors Associated with Noncondom Use Among Young Adult African American Women 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
We examined the partner influences and gender-related correlates of noncondom use among African American women. The prevalence of noncondom use was 45.3%. Women whose sexual partners were noncondom users were four times more likely to believe that asking their partner to use a condom implied he was unfaithful, three times as likely to have a partner who resisted using condoms, three times more likely to receive AFDC, twice as likely to be sexually nonassertive, three times more likely to believe that it was not difficult to find an eligible African American man, and three times as likely to have had one sexual partner. HIV prevention tailored towards African American women should address these partner influences and gender-related factors. 相似文献
188.
THE EFFECTS OF SELF-MONITORING AND SUPERVISOR FEEDBACK ON STAFF PERFORMANCE IN A RESIDENTIAL SETTING
Gina S. Richman Mary R. Riordan Maxin L. Reiss David A. M. Pyles Jon S. Bailey 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1988,21(4):401-409
We evaluated the effects of a self-monitoring procedure to increase staff on-task behavior and adherence to scheduled activities. Self-monitoring involved the use of activity cards that staff members completed and carried with them to assist in determining the activities for which they were responsible at any given time. Increases in both on-schedule and on-task behavior resulted. Supervisor feedback was subsequently added because some staff members did not maintain consistently high levels of performance. Generalization data indicated that staff members implemented the procedure during evening hours without specific programming. The advantages and limitations of using a self-monitoring procedure for improving performance of staff members in residential settings are discussed. 相似文献
189.
Jack W. Finney Christopher J. Brophy Patrick C. Friman Archie S. Golden Gina S. Richman Alexander F. Ross 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1990,23(2):207-213
We prompted parents to increase their interactions with health-care providers during their children's health-supervision visits. Before scheduled appointments we asked parents of 32 infants and young children if they had specific child health questions or concerns. Sixteen parents randomly assigned to the prompted group were then prompted to initiate discussions of their concerns. Sixteen control parents discussed unrelated topics before their appointments. Prompted parents initiated significantly more interactions with health-care providers and more health and behavioral topics were discussed during their appointments. Both parent groups reported satisfaction with health-care services. Further research is needed to determine the clinical significance of outcomes associated with enhanced parent-provider interaction during children's health-supervision visits. These visits are ideal settings for behavioral research on improving health care for children and their families. 相似文献
190.