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111.
High perceptual load reduces distractor processing and increases inattentional blindness for unexpected stimuli. We reported previously that high perceptual load reduces memory accuracy and impairs eyewitness identification. Here, we used eye tracking to investigate whether memory impairments under load are due to inattentional blindness or a failure to visually inspect stimuli. Seventy‐two participants viewed high or low load versions of a video depicting a theft and identified characters in the video from photographic line‐ups. High perceptual load impaired participants' ability to identify the peripheral character (witness) but not the central character (thief). There was no effect of perceptual load on number of ocular fixations on the witness, time to first fixation or total visit duration. We conclude that memory impairments under load are due to attentional failures rather than differences in visual search behaviour. These findings suggest that high perceptual load scenes may hamper eyewitnesses' ability to encode easily visible stimuli. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
112.
Gillian Russell 《Synthese》2011,183(2):143-160
This paper investigates, formulates and proves an indexical barrier theorem, according to which sets of non-indexical sentences
do not entail (except under specified special circumstances) indexical sentences. It surveys the usual difficulties for this
kind of project, as well some that are specific to the case of indexicals, and adapts the strategy of Restall and Russell’s
“Barriers to Implication” to overcome these. At the end of the paper a reverse barrier theorem is also proved, according to
which an indexical sentence will not, except under specified circumstances, entail a non-indexical one. 相似文献
113.
Behavior Problems at 5 Years of Age and Maternal Mental Health in Autism and Intellectual Disability
Totsika V Hastings RP Emerson E Berridge DM Lancaster GA 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(8):1137-1147
We examined child behavior problems and maternal mental health in a British population-representative sample of 5 year-old
children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), controlling for the presence of an intellectual disability (ID). Behavior
problems were significantly higher in children with ASD with/out ID compared to typically developing children, but compared
to children with ID only hyperactivity was significantly higher in children with ASD/ID. After controlling for ID and maternal
mental health, the presence of ASD significantly increased the odds for hyperactivity, conduct problems and emotional symptoms.
Negative maternal outcomes (serious mental illness, psychological distress, and physical health limitations) were not consistently
elevated in ASD. The findings highlight the early age at which behavior problems emerge in ASD, and suggest that at this age
, there may not be a clear disadvantage for maternal mental health associated with having a child with ASD in the family,
over and above that conferred by child behavior problems. 相似文献
114.
Gillian Creese 《Journal of International Migration and Integration》2010,11(3):295-313
This paper explores how the linguistic competency of English-speaking migrants from sub-Saharan Africa is challenged in Vancouver, Canada. African migrants, particularly women, identify the problem of accent discrimination as a central feature of their lives that results in systemic forms of inequality. Using Bourdieu’s concept of linguistic capital, the paper locates the erasure of African migrants’ linguistic capital in the legacy of British colonialism in both Canada and Africa. 相似文献
115.
116.
Jaquet E Rhodes G 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2008,34(1):101-112
It has been claimed that exposure to distorted faces of one sex induces perceptual aftereffects for test faces that are of the same sex, but not for test faces of the other sex (A. C. Little, L. M. DeBruine, & B. C. Jones, 2005). This result suggests that male and female faces have separate neural coding. Given the high degree of visual similarity between faces of different sexes, this result is surprising. The authors reinvestigated male and female face coding using a different face distortion. In Experiment 1, participants adapted to distorted faces from one sex (e.g., male contracted faces) and were tested with faces of both sexes. Aftereffects were found for both male and female faces, suggesting the existence of common coding mechanisms. In Experiments 2 and 3, participants adapted to oppositely distorted faces from both sexes (male contracted and female expanded faces). Weak opposite aftereffects were found for male and female faces, suggesting the existence of sex-selective face coding mechanisms. Taken together, these results indicate that both common and sex-selective mechanisms code male and female faces. 相似文献
117.
The own-race advantage in face recognition has been hypothesized as being due to a superiority in the processing of configural information for own-race faces. Here we examined the contributions of both configural and component processing to the own-race advantage. We recruited 48 Caucasian participants in Australia and 48 Chinese participants in Hong Kong, and had them study Caucasian and Chinese faces. After study, they were shown old faces (along with distractors) that were either blurred (isolating configural processing), in which high spatial frequencies were removed from the intact faces, or scrambled (isolating component processing), in which the locations of all face components were rearranged. Participants performed better on the memory test for own-race faces in both the blurred (configural) and scrambled (component) conditions, showing an own-race advantage for both configural and component processing. These results suggest that the own-race advantage in face recognition is due to a general facilitation in different forms of face processing. 相似文献
118.
John Dixon Colin Tredoux Kevin Durrheim Gillian Finchilescu Beverley Clack 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2008,2(4):1547-1569
The role of racial segregation in perpetuating racial prejudice and inequality has been widely investigated by social scientists. Most research has concentrated on the macro‐sociological organization of institutions of residence, education and employment. In this paper, we suggest that such work may be usefully complemented by research that investigates the so‐called ‘micro‐ecology of segregation’ in everyday life spaces – the dynamic, largely informal network of social practices through which individuals maintain racial isolation within settings where members of other race groups are physically co‐present. Developing this argument, we discuss some historical examples of research on the micro‐ecological dimension of race segregation in the United States. We also draw examples from an ongoing program of work on everyday practices of contact and segregation in post‐apartheid South Africa. The paper concludes by exploring some conceptual and methodological implications of treating racial segregation as a micro‐ecological practice. 相似文献
119.
Self-harm is a complex phenomena that occurs in many different settings. Multi-factorial explanations predominate in the literature and accounts of treatment reflect this diversity, ranging through psychobiological and psycho-social theories. This study aims to identify, describe and interpret some of the accounts and understandings of self-harm from a cross section of the general population and then relate this to clinical practice. Q Methodology is used to explore various competing viewpoints of lay people in understanding and treating people who self-harm. Eight different accounts were produced from the Explanation Q-sort. All but the Biological account described self-harm as a coping strategy, utilized in response to feelings of helplessness following social interaction and were therefore psycho-social in nature. There were four treatment/policy viewpoints that were all psycho-social in nature. These were influenced by humanistic and cognitive types of therapy and were united by the importance of empathy, positive regard and empowerment. These viewpoints are fully explored in this study. Common themes and factors connecting the explanations and treatment Q-sorts are discussed. These findings are then discussed in terms of their implications to current working practice and further initiatives and research projects. 相似文献
120.