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排序方式: 共有253条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
Gilles Pourtois Laurent Spinelli Margitta Seeck Patrik Vuilleumier 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(1):83-93
Previous fMRI studies have reported mixed evidence for the influence of selective attention on amygdala responses to emotional
stimuli, with some studies showing “automatic” emotional effects to threat-related stimuli without attention (or even without
awareness), but other studies showing a gating of amygdala activity by selective attention with no response to unattended
stimuli. We recorded intracranial local field potentials from the intact left lateral amygdala in a human patient prior to
surgery for epilepsy and tested, with a millisecond time resolution, for neural responses to fearful faces appearing at either
task-relevant or task-irrelevant locations. Our results revealed an early emotional effect in the amygdala arising prior to,
and independently of, attentional modulation. However, at a later latency, we found a significant modulation of the differential
emotional response when attention was directed toward or away from fearful faces. These results suggest separate influences
of emotion and attention on amygdala activation and may help reconcile previous discrepancies concerning the relative responsiveness
of the human amygdala to emotional and attentional factors. 相似文献
42.
Eric Dietrich 《Cognitive processing》2010,11(4):331-345
The purpose of this paper is to present two kinds of analogical representational change, both occurring early in the analogy-making
process, and then, using these two kinds of change, to present a model unifying one sort of analogy-making and categorization.
The proposed unification rests on three key claims: (1) a certain type of rapid representational abstraction is crucial to
making the relevant analogies (this is the first kind of representational change; a computer model is presented that demonstrates
this kind of abstraction), (2) rapid abstractions are induced by retrieval across large psychological distances, and (3) both
categorizations and analogies supply understandings of perceptual input via construing, which is a proposed type of categorization (this is the second kind of representational change). It is construing that finalizes
the unification. 相似文献
43.
The developmental course in the distance–speed–time domain is still a matter of debate. Traditional stage models are contested by theories of continuous development and adaptive thinking. In the present work, we introduce a formal framework for modelling the developmental course in this domain, grounding on Competence-based Knowledge Space Theory. This framework, as a more general case, widely includes assumptions and facets of previous models and covers empirical findings collected based on different experimental paradigms. By a distinction of latent competences and observable performance, model validation is not bound to a certain experimental paradigm and no one-to-one correspondence between competences and tasks is required. Therefore, the framework has the potential to bridge the gap between stage models and models of continuous development. The approach also precisely defines misconceptions, for example overgeneralization, and empirically investigates their occurrence. In the present work, we established a prototypical model for the development of understanding the distance–speed–time system. We extended this model with definitions based on different perspectives of overgeneralization. The assumptions of the model and its extensions were examined on the basis of the results of two empirical investigations using six judgment task types. The results yielded a reasonably good fit of model and data. No evidence was found for the occurrence of overgeneralization in this domain. The theoretical model and empirical results are discussed with respect to their relationship to other developmental models and theories. 相似文献
44.
Karine St-Jean Teresa Kus Gilles Dupuis Karine Lévesque Bernard Thibault Peter G. Guerra Reginald Nadeau Bianca D’Antono 《Applied research in quality of life》2008,3(4):235-249
Health-related quality of life (QoL) is reduced in patients with recurrent vasovagal (VVS) or unexplained (US) syncope. Little
is known regarding these patients’ QoL as pertains to their capacity to attain their life goals. Factors influencing QoL,
such as sex, syncope type and illness representations have not been studied. Our objective is to examine the relationship
between illness representations and QoL, as well as possible sex and syncope type differences. One hundred and four patients
undergoing tilt-table testing (TTT) for recurrent syncope were interviewed one month before TTT, using questionnaires. Data
were analysed using ANCOVAs, a-priori Helmert contrasts for illness representations, and regressions. Patients with US had
a poor QoL compared to those with VVS [F(1, 91) = 10.46; p < 0.01], particularly in men (p < 0.01). Patients with higher perceived syncope severity showed an impoverished QoL relative to those with less severe perceptions
[F(1, 91) = 5.47; p < 0.05]. A hierarchical regression revealed that illness representations mediate the impact of lifetime number of syncope
on QoL. In conclusion, QoL is reduced in these patients, and is influenced by illness representations. Helping patients change their
perceptions about their syncope may be an efficient way to promote QoL. 相似文献
45.
Rödel HG Starkloff A Bruchner B von Holst D 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2008,122(1):73-83
The authors investigated in an observational study the consequences of the presence of litter sisters on the social interactions and on reproductive performance of young female European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from a population living under seminatural conditions. In early winter, when all young females were settled in a social group, they were characterized by the presence or absence of litter sisters in their groups. Females with litter sisters in their groups displayed significantly more positive social interaction with females of their social group compared to females without sisters, whereas this difference was mainly due to the high frequency of positive social interactions among the respective sisters. Such differences between the females of both categories were already apparent during the animals' juvenile phase, before the females integrated into a particular group: females which later had litter sisters in their group showed more positive social behavior than females which later no longer had litter sisters. During their first breeding season, females with litter sisters present generally started to breed earlier by an average of 14 days. A more favorable social environment might have possibly facilitated the earlier onset of breeding in females with present litter sisters by attenuating the negative consequences of stress. 相似文献
46.
Philosophia - Here, we defend the thesis whereby the event (conceived as a mental and social abstract entity) plays a main role of sense in the meaning of certain sentences. This thesis is based on... 相似文献
47.
McDaniel and Einstein (2007) argued that prospective memories can be retrieved through spontaneous retrieval processes stimulated
by the presence of a target cue. To test this claim, we investigated whether presenting a prospective memory cue during a
task that did not require an intention to be performed spontaneously triggered remembering of that intention. In two experiments,
participants performed an image-rating task in which a prospective memory task (to press the “Q” key when a target word appeared)
was embedded. Then, participants were told that their intention was finished or suspended. Finally, participants performed
a lexical decision task in which each target (and a matched control) word appeared. RTs were slower to target words than to
control words when the intention was suspended but not when it was finished. These results suggest that target cues associated
with suspended intentions can spontaneously trigger remembering but that finished intentions are quickly deactivated. 相似文献
48.
Michaël Huet Cyril Camachon Laure Fernandez David M. Jacobs Gilles Montagne 《Human movement science》2009,28(4):450-467
The present study investigates the effects of different types of concurrent feedback on the acquisition of perceptual-motor skills. Twenty participants walked through virtual corridors in which rhythmically opening and closing sliding doors were placed. The participants aimed to adjust their walking speed so as to cross the doors when the doors were close to their maximal aperture width. The highest level of performance was achieved by learners who practiced the task with unambiguous self-controlled concurrent feedback, which is to say, by learners who could request that feedback at wish. Practice with imposed rather than self-controlled feedback and practice without concurrent feedback were shown to be less effective. Finally, the way in which the self-controlled concurrent feedback was presented was also found to be of paramount importance; if the feedback is ambiguous, it may even prevent participants from learning the task. Clearly, unambiguous self-controlled feedback can give rise to higher levels of performance than other feedback conditions (compared to imposed schedule) but, depending on the way it is presented, the feedback can also prevent the participants from learning the task.In the discussion it is argued that unambiguous self-controlled concurrent feedback allows learners to more rapidly educate their attention towards more useful perceptual invariants and to calibrate the relation between perceptual invariants and action parameters. 相似文献
49.
Dr. Dietrich Haubenberger 《Psychopraxis》2009,12(5):28-32
Mit einer Pr?valenz von bis zu 5,6 Prozent in der Bev?lkerung stellt der Essentielle Tremor (ET) eine der h?ufigsten Bewegungsst?rungen
in der Neurologie dar. Wenngleich ET weiterhin als „gutartiger famili?rer Tremor“ bezeichnet wird, zeigen rezente Studien
über tremor-assoziierte Symptome wie cerebell?re, kognitive oder psychiatrische Auff?lligkeiten ebenso wie die Beobachtung
von signifikanten Beeintr?chtigungen bei Aktivit?ten des t?glichen Lebens bei bis zu 75 Prozent der ET-Patienten, dass das
Attribut „gutartig“ bei ET zunehmend in Frage gestellt werden sollte. In den letzten Jahren wurde auch gezeigt, dass ET mit
charakteristischen neuropathologischen Ver?nderungen einhergeht, die vorwiegend das Cerebellum, mit einem Verlust an Purkinje-Zellen
sowie axonalen Schwellungen („Torpedo-Zellen“), betreffen. Diese Beobachtungen sowie die Ergebnisse aus gro? angelegten epidemiologischen
Studien über die famili?re H?ufung von ET und der Parkinson-Erkrankung geben Anlass zur Diskussion über einen potentiellen
neurodegenerativen Prozess als pathophysiologisches Korrelat von ET. Die erste genomweite Assoziationsstudie bei ET identifizierte
eine mit ET assoziierte genetische Variante im LINGO1-Gen, dessen Protein für axonale Integrit?t relevant ist und im zentralen
Nervensystem exprimiert wird. Propranolol und Primodin sind weiterhin die erste Therapieempfehlung. Mit Topiramat steht nun
eine dritte Substanz zur Verfügung, die sich als eindeutig effektiv in der ET-Behandlung erwiesen hat. 相似文献
50.
Rendell PG McDaniel MA Forbes RD Einstein GO 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2007,14(3):236-256
Two experiments examined the puzzling variation in the age-related patterns for event-based prospective memory tasks. Both experiments involved a famous faces ongoing task with a feature of the famous face as the target for the prospective memory task. In Experiment 1, a substantial age deficit was found on the prospective memory task when the cue was nonfocal (wearing glasses) to the ongoing task, replicating previous research, but this deficit was significantly reduced with a focal cue (first name John). In Experiment 2, the prospective memory cue (wearing glasses) was held constant and the demands of the ongoing task of naming faces were varied. The substantial age differences found with a nonfocal cue were eliminated when the ongoing task was made less challenging. The findings help reconcile the divergent age-related findings reported in the literature. 相似文献