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61.
Gilles Beaudry 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2002,24(1):79-91
This article presents the evolution of one of Satir's processes, namely family reconstruction, a psychodramatic reenactment of significant events in three generations of family life. Both the sameness and the differentness of the classical version as developed by Satir and the current shorter version are explored. The Satir model is a growth oriented approach based on the belief that people have the inner resources to resolve problem situations. Within this model, which focuses on what people can become, the therapist and the individual or family members join forces to move from a symptomatic base to wellness. 相似文献
62.
Gilles Dutilh Joachim Vandekerckhove Francis Tuerlinckx Eric-Jan Wagenmakers 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(6):1026-1036
When people repeatedly perform the same cognitive task, their mean response times (RTs) invariably decrease. The mathematical
function that best describes this decrease has been the subject of intense debate. Here, we seek a deeper understanding of
the practice effect by simultaneously taking into account the changes in accuracy and in RT distributions with practice, both
for correct and error responses. To this end, we used the Ratcliff diffusion model, a successful model of two-choice RTs that
decomposes the effect of practice into its constituent psychological processes. Analyses of data from a 10,000-trial lexical
decision task demonstrate that practice not only affects the speed of information processing, but also response caution, response
bias, and peripheral processing time. We conclude that the practice effect consists of multiple subcomponents, and that it
may be hazardous to abstract the interactive combination of these subcomponents in terms of a single output measure such as
mean RT for correct responses. Supplemental materials may be downloaded from http://pbr .psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
63.
Einstein GO 《Memory & cognition》1976,4(6):701-708
Learning and retention were examined under varying amounts of intratask interference during learning. All subjects were required to learn the same list of auditorily presented words while concurrently processing a visually presented interfering list. Differential amounts of interference were produced by varying the relatedness of the interfering list to the learning list. The common learning list consisted of four general categories that also contained members of more restricted subcategories. Some subjects were instructed about the existence and names of the subcategories. The results showed that interference lengthened learning but, in some cases, facilitated retention relative to control groups. Restricted category knowledge facilitated learning but had no effect on retention. There were no significant retention differences after I week, but after 5 weeks retention performance was significantly better for groups that learned under related interference conditions. The results were interpreted in terms of more elaborate encoding of the items in the high intratask interference conditions. 相似文献
64.
Einstein GO McDaniel MA Thomas R Mayfield S Shank H Morrisette N Breneiser J 《Journal of experimental psychology. General》2005,134(3):327-342
Theoretically, prospective memory retrieval can be accomplished either by controlled monitoring of the environment for a target event or by a more reflexive process that spontaneously responds to the presence of a target event. These views were evaluated in Experiments 1-4 by examining whether performing a prospective memory task produced costs on the speed of performing the ongoing task. In Experiment 5, the authors directly tested for the existence of spontaneous retrieval. The results supported the multiprocess theory (M. A. McDaniel & G. O. Einstein, 2000) predictions that (a) spontaneous retrieval can occur and can support good prospective memory and (b) depending on task demands and individual differences, people rely to different degrees on monitoring versus spontaneous retrieval for prospective remembering. 相似文献
65.
A frequent assumption in the area of prospective memory is that a reminder to do an activity in the future improves the likelihood of doing the activity. The results of four experiments indicated, however, that the most general version of this assumption is incorrect. Subjects were either reminded of a prospective memory task several times during a retention interval or not reminded of the prospective memory task. The most effective reminders referred both to the prospective memory target events and to the intended activity. Reminders that referred only to the target events did not improve prospective memory (relative to a no-reminder control). Reminders that referred only to the intended activity did improve prospective memory, but not to the level of reminders that referred both to the target events and to the intended activity. Instructions to imagine oneself performing the prospective memory task did not further improve prospective memory. Neither the delay between the prospective memory instructions and the prospective memory cover task nor the delay between a reminder and a prospective memory target event significantly influenced performance. The results, which are discussed in terms of theoretical and practical implications, support a new theory of prospective memory and suggest surprising conditions under which reminders fail to benefit prospective memory. 相似文献
66.
The accuracy of simple actions is swiftly determined through specific monitoring brain systems. However, it remains unclear whether this evaluation is accompanied by a rapid and compatible emotional appraisal of the action that allows to mark incorrect actions as negative/bad and conversely correct actions as positive/good. In this study, we used a new method to decode the affective value of simple actions generated by participants during a standard Go/noGo task. Immediately after each Go/noGo action, participants responded to the valence of either a positive or a negative word. Results showed that False Alarms performed during the Go/noGo task led to a faster evaluative categorization of negative words relative to positive words. This action-word evaluative priming effect occurred when the interval between these two events was set to either 300 or 600ms, but not 1000ms. Finally, higher levels of trait anxiety were associated with a reduction of the evaluative priming effect. Our results suggest that simple actions are rapidly evaluated as positive or negative depending on the automatic monitoring of their perceived accuracy. 相似文献
67.
This paper focuses on two estimators of ability with logistic item response theory models: the Bayesian modal (BM) estimator
and the weighted likelihood (WL) estimator. For the BM estimator, Jeffreys’ prior distribution is considered, and the corresponding
estimator is referred to as the Jeffreys modal (JM) estimator. It is established that under the three-parameter logistic model,
the JM estimator returns larger estimates than the WL estimator. Several implications of this result are outlined. 相似文献
68.
We would like to propose a new model of meaning construction based on language comprehension considered as a dynamic process
during which the meaning of each linguistic unit and the global meaning of the sentence are determined simultaneously. This
model, which may be called “gestalt compositionality,” is radically opposed to the classic compositional mechanism advocated
by linguistic formalism based on the primacy of syntax. The process considers the syntactic structure of an utterance as the
product of meaning construction rather than its source. The comprehension of an utterance is consequently directly based on
the interaction between the different basic components of this utterance: lexical units, grammatical markers, positional relations
between units, and more generally, basic “constructions” in the sense of Construction Grammar. Thus, meaning is really the
result of a gestalt compositional process insomuch as the contribution of each basic component depends on the contribution
of the other components present in the utterance. We show a first attempt at modeling from French and English examples. 相似文献
69.
Anxiety has profound influences on a wide range of cognitive processes, including action monitoring. Eventrelated brain potential
(ERP) studies have shown that anxiety can boost early error detection mechanisms, as reflected by an enhanced error-related
negativity (ERN) following errors in high-anxious, as compared with low-anxious, participants. This observation is consistent
with the assumption of a gain control mechanism exerted by anxiety onto error-related brain responses within the dorsal anterior
cingulate cortex (ACC). However, whether anxiety simply enhances or, rather, alters early error detection mechanisms remains
unsolved. In this study, we compared the performance of low-versus high-trait-anxious participants during a go/no-go task
while high-density EEG was recorded. The two groups showed comparable behavioral performance, although levels of state anxiety
increased following the task for high-anxious participants only. ERP results confirmed that the ERN/Ne to errors was enhanced
for high-anxious, relative to low-anxious, participants. However, complementary topographic analyses revealed that the scalp
map of the ERN/Ne was not identical between the two groups, suggesting that anxiety did not merely increase early error detection
mechanisms, but also led to a qualitative change in the early appraisal of errors. Inverse solution results confirmed a shift
within the ACC for the localization of neural generators underlying the ERN/Ne scalp map in high-anxious participants, corroborating
the assumption of an early effect of anxiety on early error-monitoring functions. These results shed new light on the dynamic
interplay between anxiety and error-monitoring functions in the human brain. 相似文献
70.
Peter G. Rendell Mark A. McDaniel Robert D. Forbes Gilles O. Einstein 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(3):236-256
ABSTRACT Two experiments examined the puzzling variation in the age-related patterns for event-based prospective memory tasks. Both experiments involved a famous faces ongoing task with a feature of the famous face as the target for the prospective memory task. In Experiment 1, a substantial age deficit was found on the prospective memory task when the cue was nonfocal (wearing glasses) to the ongoing task, replicating previous research, but this deficit was significantly reduced with a focal cue (first name John). In Experiment 2, the prospective memory cue (wearing glasses) was held constant and the demands of the ongoing task of naming faces were varied. The substantial age differences found with a nonfocal cue were eliminated when the ongoing task was made less challenging. The findings help reconcile the divergent age-related findings reported in the literature. 相似文献