Overselective response to social stimuli by autistic children

Previous studies have shown that when presented with a complex stimulus input, autistic children typically respond to only one of the elements of the complex. This phenomenon was called stimulus overselectivity (or overselective attention). The present investigation sought to determine if this overselectivity might be a possible basis for the deviant social behavior in autistic children. Autistic and normal children were trained to discriminate between clothed girl and boy doll figures. After the children had acquired this discrimination, the individual clothing components and the heads were systematically interchanged between the figures. Thus, it could be determined which component(s) the children had used to make the discrimination. The autistic children demonstrated stimulus overselectivity in that they formed the discrimination between the boy and girl figures on the basis of only one component or of peculiar combinations of components. For example, one child discriminated the figures on the basis of shoes. In contrast, the normal children responded primarily to the figures' heads but could also respond correctly to other parts. These findings are consistent with previous research on stimulus overselectivity and have implications for understanding the difficulty autistic children show in forming meaningful social relationships.This investigation was supported by U.S. Public Health Service Research Grant 11440 from the National Institute of Mental Health.The authors express their appreciation to James Q. Simmons, Associate Chief, Mental Retardation and Child Mental Health Programs, Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California, Los Angeles; and Norbert Rieger, Superintendent of Children's Services, Camarillo State Hospital, Camarillo, California. They are also grateful to Robert Koegel and to Thomas Willis for their valuable suggestions and to Meredith Gibbs for her assistance in data collection.     

The concreteness of attributes in concept learning strategies

Ss were presented with conjunctive concept learning tasks using geometric stimuh in two experiments and using combinations of abstract characteristics in two other experiments. Evidence indicated that the conjunctive hypotheses for geometric stimuli were not mediated by component values but were sampled as unitized wholes. In contrast, conjunctive hypotheses for abstract attributes were sampled via independent combinations of component values. The differential processing was not found to be associated with the variation of stimuli on the verbal-nonverbal dimension.     

Crossbreeding and special handling of genetically nervous dogs

In studies of a healthy (A) and a nervous (E) genetic strain of pointer dogs, two techniques were utilized to determine environmental and hereditary influences. These were (1) reciprocal crossbreeding to females from each strain, and (2) split litters with special handling and human attention to one-half of each litter of nervous strain origin from birth through age six months. It is not possible to attribute the nervous behavior to an environmental mother effect since crossbred AE and EA offspring were highly similar on behavior tests of brief exploratory activity, rigid posturing to a loud noise and human avoidance behavior. Furthermore, special handling had almost no success in normalizing the responses of the nervous dogs in the behavior tests or in heart rate response to Effect-of-Person procedures. The results show that the biologic origin of the dogs is the most likely source of the nervousness; this has placed severe limits thus far on attempts to attenuate the condition.     

THE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF RURAL AND URBAN UPBRINGING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF COGNITIVE STYLES1

L'A. essaie de cerner les différences entre zones rurales et zones urbaines dans la manière d'élever les enfants, en prenant Ibusa comme exemple de bourg rural au Nigeria. L'éducation campagnarde, parce qu'on s'occupe de L'enfant relativement plus longtemps et de façon plus indulgente, favoriserait le développement d'une “ dépendance perceptive vis-à-vis du champ ”. Pour tester cette hypothèse, il administre, d'une part les tests CEFT et RFT à 65 adultes des deux sexes élevés a Ibusa et d'autre part, les tests RFT et EFT à 76 étudiants et étudiantes de L'Université Nsukka. Les résultats montrent qu'il y a une corrélation significative entre les deux tests pour les sujets de L'Université Nsukka, mais non pour les sujets d'Ibusa. On trouve des différences entre sexes dans les deux échantillons, avec une interaction significative entre sexe et alphabétisation pour les sujets Ibusa. Les étudiants d'éducation rurale sont significativement plus “ dépendants du champ ” que ceux qui ont été élevés à la ville pour le test RFT, mais non pour le test EFT. Les performances aux tests des étudiants d'éducation citadine, et plus spécialement celles des filles, sont plus proches des résultats obtenus par des sujets new yorkais que celles des étudiants qui ont recu une éducation rurale. L'A. discute des implications de ces résultats pour la classification et I'usage des tests de style cognitif dans une culture non-occidentale. II souligne la nécessité de poursuivre des recherches en Afrique et dans d'autres cultures non-occidentales, car on ne pourra généraliser les conclusions relatives aux corrélations entre facteurs de personnalité et mode de perception visuelle que si L'on tient compte des variables culturelles.