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451.
The task of determining an optimal route to several locations is called the traveling salesperson problem (TSP). The TSP has been used recently to examine spatial cognition in humans and non-human animals. It remains unclear whether
or not the decision process of animals other than non-human primates utilizes rigid rule-based heuristics, or whether non-human
animals are able to flexibly ‘plan’ future routes/behavior based on their knowledge of multiple locations. We presented pigeons
in a One-way and Round-Trip group with TSPs that included two or three destinations (feeders) in a laboratory environment.
The pigeons departed a start location, traveled to each feeder once before returning to a final destination. Pigeons weighed
the proximity of the next location heavily, but appeared to plan ahead multiple steps when the travel costs for inefficient
behavior appeared to increase. The results provide clear and strong evidence that animals other than primates are capable
of planning sophisticated travel routes. 相似文献
452.
Jill Collins Alison Gibson Sarah Parkin Rosemary Parkinson Diana Shave Colin Dyer 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2012,12(2):84-92
Background: Many employers provide counselling support on work and personal issues for their employees, but in times of economic pressure such services can be at risk if their effectiveness is not demonstrated. Aim: To evaluate whether time‐limited counselling in a workplace can effect sustained change in well‐being. Method: The study was carried out by a staff counselling team in a university setting. The Warwick‐Edinburgh Mental Well‐being Scale (WEMWBS) was completed by clients at the beginning and end of counselling, and at three and six months following. A non‐treatment comparison group completed the survey at the same intervals. Results: The results of our investigation show clearly that the effect of time‐limited counselling (average seven sessions) on distressed clients is positive. The evidence of our treatment group suggests that they acquire an increased sense of well‐being as a result of the experience of counselling with a significant statistical difference between pre‐and post‐counselling treatment group scores on the WEMWBS and consistently higher scores found post counselling. The improvement was maintained at the same level for at least six months following the end of counselling. Conclusions: The provision of time‐limited counselling by employers is an effective support for personal difficulties affecting work. 相似文献
453.
M J Watkins J M Gibson 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》1988,14(3):477-483
Two experiments evaluated the hypothesis that perceptual fluency is used to infer prior occurrence. Subjects heard (Experiment 1) or saw (Experiment 2) a list of words and then were presented in the same modality with both these and other words twice in succession: first in a more or less impoverished fashion, and then in clear fashion. For the first of these two presentations, the subjects tried to identify the word; for the second, they gave a recognition judgement. As predicted by the perceptual fluency hypothesis, and as has been found in previous research, the recognition judgments were more positive for identified words than for unidentified words. However, degree of impoverishment, by which apparent perceptual fluency was brought under experimental control, did not affect the recognition judgments. The perceptual fluency hypothesis was therefore not supported, and the observed relation between identification and recognition was attributed to an item selection effect. 相似文献
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Gibson Violet Boysen Sarah T. Hobaiter Catherine Davila-Ross Marina 《Animal cognition》2023,26(5):1521-1537
Animal Cognition - Object interactions play an important role in human communication but the extent to which nonhuman primates incorporate objects in their social interactions remains unknown. To... 相似文献
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PAUL A. MACDONALD JR. 《Modern Theology》2009,25(2):159-185
In this essay, I assess Marilyn McCord Adams's important and provocative incarnation-centered approach to the problem of evil. In particular, I examine the central theological components of her approach: her novel but also problematic conceptions of creation, sin, redemption, grace, and eschatological consummation. My further goal is to use my critical analysis of Adams's approach in order to begin to articulate and defend an alternative incarnation-centered approach, based on a more classically orthodox conception of divine defeat of evil, which is both immune to the criticisms I raise against Adams's approach and possesses a higher degree of explanatory power. 相似文献