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41.
Francesca Zoratto Giulia Cordeschi Giacomo Grignani Roberto Bonanni Enrico Alleva Giuseppe Nascetti Jennifer A. Mather Claudio Carere 《Animal cognition》2018,21(6):773-785
Studies of animal personality have shown consistent between-individual variation in behaviour in many social and non-social contexts, but hunting behaviour has been overlooked. Prey capture sequences, especially in invertebrates, are supposed to be quite invariant. In cuttlefish, the attack includes three components: attention, positioning, and seizure. The previous studies indicated some variability in these components and we quantified it under the hypothesis that it could relate to personality differences. We, therefore, analysed predation sequences of adult cuttlefish to test their association with personality traits in different contexts. Nineteen subjects were first exposed to an “alert” and a “threat” test and then given a live prey, for 10 days. Predation sequences were scored for components of the attack, locomotor and postural elements, body patterns, and number of successful tentacle ejections (i.e. seizure). PCA analysis of predatory patterns identified three dimensions accounting for 53.1%, 15.9%, and 9.6% of the variance and discriminating individuals based on “speed in catching prey”, “duration of attack behaviour”, and “attention to prey”. Predation rate, success rate, and hunting time were significantly correlated with the first, second, and third PCA factors, respectively. Significant correlations between capture patterns and responsiveness in the alert and threat tests were found, highlighting a consistency of prey capture patterns with measures of personality in other contexts. Personality may permeate even those behaviour patterns that appear relatively invariant. 相似文献
42.
Piero De Giacomo Luciano L’Abate Francesco Margari Wanda Santamato Andrea De Giacomo Rita Masellis Vito D’Agostino 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2009,39(3):165-169
This article presents a program based on the Elementary Pragmatic Model and on the administration of a test consisting of
90 sentences with a strong psychological impact interactively presented to participants. Data emerging from this procedure
are calculated according to four coordinates and 16 relational functions processed on a grid defined by a table of 256 possible
interactions. From these interactions three final states were found to constitute essentially the bottom line of the human
mind. The program indicates how certain sentences could be selected systematically to lead initially deviant participants
toward more statistically average patterns, in terms of coordinates, functions, interactions, and final states. 相似文献
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Sigal Kaplan Carlo Giacomo Prato 《Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour》2012,15(6):699-709
This study explores the plausibility of regret minimization as behavioral paradigm underlying the choice of crash avoidance maneuvers. Alternatively to previous studies that considered utility maximization, this study applies the random regret minimization (RRM) model while assuming that drivers seek to minimize their anticipated regret from their corrective actions. The model accounts for driver attributes and behavior, critical events that made the crash imminent, vehicle and road characteristics, and environmental conditions. Analyzed data are retrieved from the General Estimates System (GES) crash database for the period between 2005 and 2009. The predictive ability of the RRM-based model is slightly superior to its RUM-based counterpart, namely the multinomial logit model (MNL) model. The marginal effects predicted by the RRM-based model are greater than those predicted by the RUM-based model, suggesting that both models should serve as a basis for evaluating crash scenarios and driver warning systems. 相似文献
46.
In these last years, creativity was found to play an important role for dementia patients in terms of diagnosis and rehabilitation strategies. This led us to explore the relationships between dementia and creativity. At the aim, artistic creativity and divergent thinking are considered both in non-artists and artists affected by different types of dementia. In general, artistic creativity can be expressed in exceptional cases both in Alzheimer's disease and Frontotemporal dementia, whereas divergent thinking decreases in dementia. The creation of paintings or music is anyway important for expressing emotions and well-being. Yet, creativity seems to emerge when the right prefrontal cortex, posterior temporal, and parietal areas are relatively intact, whereas it declines when these areas are damaged. However, enhanced creativity in dementia is not confirmed by controlled studies conducted in non-artists, and whether artists with dementia can show creativity has to be fully addressed. Future research directions are suggested. 相似文献
47.
Di Giacomo D De Federicis LS Pistelli M Fiorenzi D Passafiume D 《Cognitive processing》2012,13(1):55-62
We analysed the organisation of semantic network using associative mechanisms between different types of information and studied
the progression of the use of these associative relations during development. We aimed to verify the linkage of concepts with
the use of semantic associative relations. The goal of this study was to analyse the cognitive ability to use associative
relations between various items when describing old and/or new concepts. We examined the performance of 100 subjects between
the ages of 4 and 7 years on an experimental task using five associative relations based on verbal encoding. The results showed
that children are able to use the five semantic associative relations at age 4, but performance with each of the different
associative relations improves at different times during development. Functional and part/whole relations develop at an early
age, whereas the superordinate relations develop later. Our study clarified the characteristics of the progression of semantic
associations during development as well as the roles that associative relations play in the structure and improvement of the
semantic store. 相似文献
48.
Giacomo Sillari 《Synthese》2013,190(5):871-890
Famously, Kripke has argued that the central portion of the Philosophical Investigations describes both a skeptical paradox and its skeptical solution. Solving the paradox involves the element of the community, which determines correctness conditions for rule-following behavior. What do such conditions precisely consist of? Is it accurate to say that there is no fact to the matter of rule following? How are the correctness conditions sustained in the community? My answers to these questions revolve around the idea (cf. P.I. §§198, 199) that a rule is followed insofar as a convention is in place. In particular, I consider the game-theoretic definition of convention offered by David Lewis and I show that it illuminates essential aspects of the communitarian understanding of rule-following. Make the following experiment: say “It’s cold here” and mean “It’s warm here”. Can you do it? Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, 1953, §510. I can’t say “it’s cold here” and mean “it’s warm here”—at least, not without a little help from my friends. David Lewis, Convention. 相似文献
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Claudio Imperatori Riccardo Brunetti Benedetto Farina Anna Maria Speranza Anna Losurdo Elisa Testani Anna Contardi Giacomo Della Marca 《Cognitive processing》2014,15(3):351-361
The aim of the present study was to explore the modifications of scalp EEG power spectra and EEG connectivity during the autobiographical memory test (AM-T) and during the retrieval of an autobiographical event (the high school final examination, Task 2). Seventeen healthy volunteers were enrolled (9 women and 8 men, mean age 23.4 ± 2.8 years, range 19–30). EEG was recorded at baseline and while performing the autobiographical memory (AM) tasks, by means of 19 surface electrodes and a nasopharyngeal electrode. EEG analysis was conducted by means of the standardized LOw Resolution Electric Tomography (sLORETA) software. Power spectra and lagged EEG coherence were compared between EEG acquired during the memory tasks and baseline recording. The frequency bands considered were as follows: delta (0.5–4 Hz); theta (4.5–7.5 Hz); alpha (8–12.5 Hz); beta1 (13–17.5 Hz); beta2 (18–30 Hz); gamma (30.5–60 Hz). During AM-T, we observed a significant delta power increase in left frontal and midline cortices (T = 3.554; p < 0.05) and increased EEG connectivity in delta band in prefrontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital areas, and for gamma bands in the left temporo-parietal regions (T = 4.154; p < 0.05). In Task 2, we measured an increased power in the gamma band located in the left posterior midline areas (T = 3.960; p < 0.05) and a significant increase in delta band connectivity in the prefrontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital areas, and in the gamma band involving right temporo-parietal areas (T = 4.579; p < 0.05). These results indicate that AM retrieval engages in a complex network which is mediated by both low- (delta) and high-frequency (gamma) EEG bands. 相似文献
50.
Giacomo Melis 《Philosophical Studies》2014,170(3):433-442
Taking the inspiration from some points made by Scott Sturgeon and Albert Casullo, I articulate a view according to which an important difference between undermining and overriding defeaters is that the former require the subject to engage in some higher-order epistemic thinking, while the latter don’t. With the help of some examples, I argue that underminers push the cognizer to reflect on the way she formed a belief by challenging the epistemic worthiness of either the source of justification or the specific justificatory process. By contrast, overriders needn’t pose any such challenge. I also consider some problems for the proposed view, and I put forward some possible solutions. Finally, I provide some details on how undermining defeat works in different cases. 相似文献