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941.
Hierarchical classes models are models for N-way N-mode data that represent the association among the N modes and simultaneously yield, for each mode, a hierarchical classification of its elements. In this paper we present a
stochastic extension of the hierarchical classes model for two-way two-mode binary data. In line with the original model,
the new probabilistic extension still represents both the association among the two modes and the hierarchical classifications.
A fully Bayesian method for fitting the new model is presented and evaluated in a simulation study. Furthermore, we propose
tools for model selection and model checking based on Bayes factors and posterior predictive checks. We illustrate the advantages
of the new approach with applications in the domain of the psychology of choice and psychiatric diagnosis.
Iwin Leenen is now at the Instituto Mexicano de Investigación de Familia y Población (IMIFAP), Mexico. The research reported
in this paper was partially supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (programa Ramón y Cajal) and by the
Research Council of K.U.Leuven (PDM/99/037, GOA/2000/02, and GOA/2005/04).
The authors are grateful to Johannes Berkhof for fruitful discussions. 相似文献
942.
943.
Crone EA Zanolie K Van Leijenhorst L Westenberg PM Rombouts SA 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2008,8(2):165-177
Feedback processing is crucial for successful performance adjustment following changing task demands. The present event-related
fMRI study was aimed at investigating the developmental differences in brain regions associated with different aspects of
feedback processing. Children age 8–11, adolescents age 14–15, and adults age 18–24 performed a rule switch task resembling
the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, and analyses focused on different types of negative and positive feedback. All age groups
showed more activation in lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
(DLPFC), and superior parietal cortex following negative relative to positive performance feedback, but the regions contributed
to different aspects of feedback processing and had separable developmental trajectories. OFC was adultlike by age 8–11, whereas
parietal cortex was adultlike by age 14–15. DLPFC and ACC, in contrast, were still developing after age 14–15. These findings
demonstrate that changes in separable neural systems underlie developmental differences in flexible performance adjustment.
Supplementary data from this study are available online at the Psychonomic Society Archive of Norms, Stimuli, and Data, atwww.psychonomic.org/archive. 相似文献
944.
945.
In an information state where various agents have both factual knowledge and knowledge about each other, announcements can
be made that change the state of information. Such informative announcements can have the curious property that they become
false because they are announced. The most typical example of that is ‘fact p is true and you don’t know that’, after which you know that p, which entails the negation of the announcement formula. The announcement of such a formula in a given information state
is called an unsuccessful update. A successful formula is a formula that always becomes common knowledge after being announced.
Analysis of information systems and ‘philosophical puzzles’ reveals a growing number of dynamic phenomena that can be described
or explained by unsuccessful updates. This increases our understanding of such philosophical problems. We also investigate
the syntactic characterization of the successful formulas.
An erratum to this article is available at . 相似文献
946.
Joshua Gert 《Synthese》2006,150(2):171-183
Terry Horgan and Mark Timmons have recently presented a series of papers in which they argue against what has come to be called
the ‘new wave’ moral realism and moral semantics of David Brink, Richard Boyd, Peter Railton, and a number of other philosophers.
The central idea behind Horgan and Timmons’s criticism of these ‘new wave’ theories has been extended by Sean Holland to include
the sort of realism that drops out of response-dependent accounts that make use of an analogy between moral properties and
secondary qualities. This paper argues that Holland’s extension depends crucially on the fact that his target is a direct response-dependent account of moral value. His argument does not work against such accounts of more basic normative notions such as ‘harm’ or ‘benefit’. And
these more basic notions may then serve as the basic normative building blocks for an indirectly response-dependent moral
theory.
* Thanks to Mark Timmons for helpful and friendly comments on an earlier version of this paper, and also to an audience at
the 2003 Pacific APA, and to the reviewers
for this journal. 相似文献
947.
Jan Jagodzinski 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2006,25(5-6):335-362
This essay attempts to examine the difficult question of sex scandals both in public school settings and in the academy. It raises issues over the way authority in the classroom is unequally exercised by both male and female teachers in terms of power and seduction. However, the Law remains explicit when it comes to judging who is at fault within a-student relationship that collapses into the bedroom. The ethics that surround such sexual affairs is raised through the psychoanalytic and philosophical writings of Jacques Lacan. The essay ends by offering a surprised perspective over the question whether an ethics of diabolical evil is possible, given that such affairs are differentiated as post-Oedipal relationships where age differentiations have become blurred. 相似文献
948.
949.
H. H. Goldsmith C. A. Van Hulle C. L. Arneson J. E. Schreiber M. A. Gernsbacher 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2006,34(3):378-392
Some adults and children exhibit defensive behaviors to tactile or auditory stimulation. These symptoms occur not only in subsets of children with ADHD, autism, and Fragile X syndrome, but also in the apparent absence of accompanying disorders. Relatively little research explores the correlates and antecedents of sensory defensiveness. Using a population-based sample of 1,394 toddler-aged twins, mothers reported on tactile and auditory defensiveness, temperament, and behavior problems. The incidence of defensive symptoms was widely distributed, with some accumulation of cases in the extreme range. Girls were overrepresented in the extreme tactile defensiveness group. Both auditory and tactile defensiveness were modestly associated with fearful temperament and anxiety, but they were relatively distinct from other common dimensions of childhood behavioral dysfunction. Twin correlations for the full range of scores and concordance rates for the extremes suggested moderate genetic influences, with some indication that the tactile domain might be more heritable than the auditory domain. 相似文献
950.
Albert Reijntjes Hedy Stegge Mark Meerum Terwogt Jan Henk Kamphuis Michael J. Telch 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2006,34(6):873-885
We examined children’s behavioral coping in response to an in vivo peer rejection manipulation. Participants (N=186) ranging between 10 and 13 years of age, played a computer game based on the television show Survivor and were randomized to either peer rejection (i.e., being voted out of the game) or non-rejection control. During a five-min. post-feedback waiting period children’s use of several behavioral coping strategies was assessed. Rejection elicited a marked shift toward more negative affect, but higher levels of perceived social competence attenuated the negative mood shift. Children higher in depressive symptoms were more likely to engage in passive and avoidant coping behavior. Types of coping were largely unaffected by gender and perceived social competence. Implications are discussed. 相似文献