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271.
David P. O'Brien Gerard Costa Willis F. Overton 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1986,38(3):493-512
This study examined evaluations of causal and conditional hyptheses on the basis of individual exemplars. Subjects were presented scenes describing something that is malfunctioning and is taken to an expert. The expert makes a causal diagnosis and a prediction concerning an outcome following treatment. Four types of outcome evidence were provided: (1) treatment is provided and the problem is eliminated; (2) treatment is not provided and the problem is eliminated; (3) treatment is provided and the problem is not eliminated; and (4) treatment is not provided and the problem is not eliminated. Subjects were required to judge whether individual exemplars prove the diagnosis, disprove the diagnosis, or fail to test the diagnosis. A second form of problem presented the same scenes but required evaluation of the conditional prediction. A third form of problem did not present the causal scenes; the subject evaluated the conditional predication and no context. Three content domains were used: medical, mechanical, and arbitrary. There were three general results: (1) diagnoses were judged as less open to testing than predictive conditional hypotheses; (2) medical problems were judged differently from mechanical problems; and (3) problems lacking meaningful content or contexts led to more primitive response strategies. 相似文献
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Roelofs J Braet C Rood L Timbremont B van Vlierberghe L Goossens L van Breukelen G 《心理评价》2010,22(4):866-877
This study aimed to (a) assess relationships between the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and DSM-oriented depression and anxiety scales of the Youth Self Report, (b) develop reliable norms for the CDI, and (c) determine CDI cutoff scores for selecting youngsters at risk for depression and anxiety. A total of 3,073 nonclinical and 511 clinically referred children and adolescents from The Netherlands and Belgium were included. Results showed that CDI scores were significantly related to DSM-oriented symptoms of both depression and anxiety. CDI scores correlated highly with depression symptoms and moderately with anxiety symptoms. Norms for the CDI were determined by means of multiple regression analysis and depended on sex, age, and country. CDI cutoff scores for selecting individuals at risk for depression and anxiety as measured by the DSM-oriented depression and anxiety scales of the Youth Self Report were determined by means of multiple regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic analysis. A CDI score of 16 was found to have the most optimal balance between sensitivity and specificity for depression, whereas a score of 21 provided the best sensitivity and specificity for anxiety in a subsample of children. We conclude that the CDI is an effective instrument for screening depression and to a lesser extent anxiety in primary and secondary care centers, before applying further assessment of high-risk individuals. 相似文献
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This paper examines the philosophical substructure to the theoretical conflicts that permeate contemporary mental health care
in the UK. Theoretical conflicts are treated here as those that arise among practitioners holding divergent theoretical orientations
towards the phenomena being treated. Such conflicts, although steeped in history, have become revitalized by recent attempts
at integrating mental health services that have forced diversely trained practitioners to work collaboratively together, often
under one roof. Part I of this paper examines how the history of these conflicts can be understood as a tension between, on
the one hand, the medical model and its use by the dominant profession of psychiatry, and on the other, those alternative
models and practitioners in some way differentiated from the medical model camp. Examples will be given from recent policy
and research to highlight the prevalence of this tension in contemporary practice. Part II of this paper explores the deeper
commonalities that lay beneath the theoretical conflict outlined in Part I. These commonalities will be shown to be apart
of a captivating framework that has continued to grip the conflict since its inception. By exposing this underlying framework--and
the motivations inherent therein--the topic of integration appears in wholly different light, allowing a renewed philosophical
basis for integration to emerge. 相似文献
280.
Dr Craig J. Gonsalvez Alex R. Hains Gerard Stoyles 《Australian journal of psychology》2010,62(2):93-102
The study examined the relationship between religion and symptoms of psychopathology, particularly obsessive‐compulsive (OC) and scrupulosity symptoms. Religious affiliation, religiosity variables (strength of faith, religious application, the beliefs about God's nature), and cognitive factors (e.g., obsessive beliefs) were studied as predictors of OC and scrupulosity symptoms in 179 non‐clinical participants. The main groups (Catholic, Protestant, and no religion) were not different with regard to measures of wellbeing or symptoms of general psychopathology (depression, anxiety, and stress), but were different with regard to OC symptoms. Consistent with cognitive theory, OC beliefs strongly predicted both OC and scrupulosity symptoms, even when general levels of psychopathology were controlled. Religion bore a less major but significant association with OC phenomena. Religious affiliation (being Catholic) was associated with higher levels of OC symptoms, and higher levels of personal religiosity (strength of faith) were associated with higher levels of scrupulosity. 相似文献