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121.
Reformers urge that representation no longer earns its explanatory keep in cognitive science, and that it is time to discard
this troublesome concept. In contrast, we hold that without representation cognitive science is utterly bereft of tools for
explaining natural intelligence. In order to defend the latter position, we focus on the explanatory role of representation
in computation. We examine how the methods of digital and analog computation are used to model a relatively simple target
system, and show that representation plays an in-eliminable explanatory role in both cases. We conclude that, to the extent
that biologic systems engage in computation, representation is destined to play an explanatory role in cognitive science.
相似文献
Jon OpieEmail: URL: http://arts.adelaide.edu.au/humanities/jopie/ |
122.
Although it is well known that frugivorous spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis) occupy large home ranges, travelling long distances to reach highly productive resources, little is known of how they move
between feeding sites. A 11 month study of spider monkey ranging patterns was carried out at the Otochma’ax Yetel Kooh reserve,
Yucatán, Mexico. We followed single individuals for as long as possible each day and recorded the routes travelled with the
help of a GPS (Global Positioning System) device; the 11 independently moving individuals of a group were targeted as focal
subjects. Travel paths were composed of highly linear segments, each typically ending at a place where some resource was exploited.
Linearity of segments did not differ between individuals, and most of the highly linear paths that led to food resources were
much longer than the estimate visibility in the woodland canopy. Monkeys do not generally continue in the same ranging direction
after exploiting a resource: travel paths are likely to deviate at the site of resource exploitation rather than between such
sites. However, during the harshest months of the year consecutive route segments were more likely to retain the same direction
of overall movement. Together, these findings suggest that while moving between feeding sites, spider monkeys use spatial
memory to guide travel, and even plan more than one resource site in advance.
This contribution is part of the special issue “A Socioecological Perspective on Primate Cognition” (Cunningham and Janson
2007). 相似文献
123.
We present the theoretical and practical difficulties of inferring the cognitive processes involved in spatial movement decisions
of primates and other animals based on studies of their foraging behavior in the wild. Because the possible cognitive processes
involved in foraging are not known a priori for a given species, some observed spatial movements could be consistent with
a large number of processes ranging from simple undirected search processes to strategic goal-oriented travel. Two basic approaches
can help to reveal the cognitive processes: (1) experiments designed to test specific mechanisms; (2) comparison of observed
movements with predicted ones based on models of hypothesized foraging modes (ideally, quantitative ones). We describe how
these two approaches have been applied to evidence for spatial knowledge of resources in primates, and for various hypothesized
goals of spatial decisions in primates, reviewing what is now established. We conclude with a synthesis emphasizing what kinds
of spatial movement data on unmanipulated primate populations in the wild are most useful in deciphering goal-oriented processes
from random processes. Basic to all of these is an estimate of the animal’s ability to detect resources during search. Given
knowledge of the animal’s detection ability, there are several observable patterns of resource use incompatible with a pure
search process. These patterns include increasing movement speed when approaching versus leaving a resource, increasingly
directed movement toward more valuable resources, and directed travel to distant resources from many starting locations. Thus,
it should be possible to assess and compare spatial cognition across a variety of primate species and thus trace its ecological
and evolutionary correlates.
This contribution is part of the special issue “A Socioecological Perspective on Primate Cognition” (Cunningham and Janson
2007b) 相似文献
124.
125.
Byrne RM 《The Behavioral and brain sciences》2007,30(5-6):439-53; discussion 453-76
The human imagination remains one of the last uncharted terrains of the mind. People often imagine how events might have turned out "if only" something had been different. The "fault lines" of reality, those aspects more readily changed, indicate that counterfactual thoughts are guided by the same principles as rational thoughts. In the past, rationality and imagination have been viewed as opposites. But research has shown that rational thought is more imaginative than cognitive scientists had supposed. In The Rational Imagination, I argue that imaginative thought is more rational than scientists have imagined. People exhibit remarkable similarities in the sorts of things they change in their mental representation of reality when they imagine how the facts could have turned out differently. For example, they tend to imagine alternatives to actions rather than inactions, events within their control rather than those beyond their control, and socially unacceptable events rather than acceptable ones. Their thoughts about how an event might have turned out differently lead them to judge that a strong causal relation exists between an antecedent event and the outcome, and their thoughts about how an event might have turned out the same lead them to judge that a weaker causal relation exists. In a simple temporal sequence, people tend to imagine alternatives to the most recent event. The central claim in the book is that counterfactual thoughts are organised along the same principles as rational thought. The idea that the counterfactual imagination is rational depends on three steps: (1) humans are capable of rational thought; (2) they make inferences by thinking about possibilities; and (3) their counterfactual thoughts rely on thinking about possibilities, just as rational thoughts do. The sorts of possibilities that people envisage explain the mutability of certain aspects of mental representations and the immutability of other aspects. 相似文献
126.
Dispute types can roughly be divided in two classes. One class in whichthe notion of justification is fundamental, and one in which thenotion of opposition is fundamental. Further, for every singledispute type there exist various types of protocols to conduct such adispute. Some protocols permit local search (a process in which oneis allowed to justify claims partially, with the possibility to extendjustifications on request later), while other protocols rely on globalsearch (a process in which only entire arguments count as justifications).This paper integrates the two above-mentioned types of dispute withthe use of a protocol that permits local search. The locality aspect isrelatively new to computer scientists, while the detailed computationalelaboration of the approach is relatively new to philosophical logicians.The proposed protocol is demonstrated with the help of eight benchmarks.These benchmarks are centered around the problem that co-concludingarguments sometimes accrue, and sometimes do not. 相似文献
127.
The present study aimed at examining the nature of thinking styles. Six hundred and ninety-four students (ages ranging from 17–45) from the University of Hong Kong participated in the study. The participants responded to the Thinking Styles Inventory and the Self-Esteem Inventory (Adult Form) and provided a range of socio-economic status (SES) indicators. It was found that when age was controlled, thinking styles and self-esteem overlap. Furthermore, regardless of age, those students who reported using thinking styles that are creativity-generating and more complex, and those who reported higher self-esteem tend to be students from higher SES families. Discussion was made in relation to these findings' practical implications for teachers. 相似文献
128.
Rosemary E. Phelps Janice D. Taylor Phyllis A. Gerard 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2001,79(2):209-216
Cultural mistrust, ethnic identity, racial identity, and self‐esteem were examined among African (n = 26), African American (n = 110), and West Indian/Caribbean (n = 24) university students. African American students' scores were statistically different from those of African and West Indian/Caribbean students on cultural mistrust, racial identity, and ethnic identity measures. There were no statistically significant differences on self‐esteem among the 3 groups. Results did indicate that cultural mistrust, ethnic identity, and racial identity accounted for 37% of the variance in self‐esteem for African American students. Implications for practice and future research directions are discussed. 相似文献
129.
Do Colours Look Like Dispositions? Reply to Langsam and Others 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Alex Byrne 《The Philosophical quarterly》2001,51(203):238-245
Dispositional theories of colour have been attacked by McGinn and others on the ground that 'Colours do not look like dispositions'. Langsam has argued that on the contrary they do, in 'Why Colours Do Look Like Dispositions', The Philosophical Quarterly , 50 (2000), pp. 68–75. I make three claims. First, neither side has made its case. Secondly, it is true, at least on one interpretation, that colours do not look like dispositions. Thirdly, this does not show that dispositionalism about colours is false. 相似文献
130.
Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics - 相似文献