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211.
A developmental model of antisocial behaviour is presented in this paper. Arguments and evidence are presented for the position that although many factors such as parent criminality, social and economic disadvantage, child temperament, and marital discord systematically affect the development of antisocial child behaviour, their influence is mediated by the extent to which they disrupt day-to-day parenting practices. Particularly, it is argued that irritable, ineffective discipline and poor parental monitoring are the most proximal determinants of the early development and maintenance of antisocial behaviour. The implications of this model for prevention and intervention in child conduct problems are discussed, using examples of promising clinical work that focuses on direct parent training. 相似文献
212.
Gerald M. Long Thomas C. Toppino Gregory W. Mondin 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1992,52(6):609-616
Subjects viewed unambiguous versions of both stationary and rotating Necker cube illusions for varying durations prior to the presentation of the standard ambiguous figure. In each case, the subjects were more likely to report the ambiguous figure to be (1) in the same configuration as that of the preceding prime following brief preexposure periods and (2) in the opposite configuration from that of the preceding prime following long preexposure-periods. In addition, the number of reversals of the figure during the test period was also strongly related to the duration of the preexposure period, with progressively fewer reversals reported following longer preexposure periods. The results are interpreted as revealing the concurrent roles of “set” effects in the brief preexposure conditions and neural fatigue effects in the long preexposure conditions. Furthermore, the ability of the proposed two-process model to integrate the myriad of empirical effects in the reversible-figure literature is emphasized.. 相似文献
213.
Gerald E. Larson 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1996,58(1):153-159
Previous studies comparing performance on standard (i.e., static) and dynamic spatial test items have concluded that the two item types measure different abilities. Such conclusions about the uniqueness of static and dynamic spatial abilities seem premature, however, since only a limited number of dynamic spatial tasks have been utilized in research and these have differed markedly from their static counterparts. In the present studies, tasks were designed to require a common mental operation (mental rotation) under static and dynamic conditions. Correlations between static and dynamic performance ranged from .80 to .90. This appears to suggest that the emergence of a unique dynamic ability factor depends on the utilization of certain specialized tasks (e.g., arrival time tasks) with mental operations much different than those required by conventional spatial tests. In other words, it is apparently the requirement for different cognitive processes and not the processing of stimulus motion per se that distinguishes performance onsome dynamic tasks from performance on some standard static tasks. 相似文献
214.
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216.
The present study, using confirmatory factor analysis, investigated the factorial structure of organizational politics perceptions. A second-order factor model was supported for both supervisor and subordinate samples. In addition, the hypothesis that different dimensions of perceived organizational politics lead to different satisfaction outcomes was also supported. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that subordinates reacted more negatively than did supervisors to politics perceptions. The results of the present study are discussed in light of directions for future research. 相似文献
217.
Empirical data indicate that when memory for subspan lists of taxonomically related material is tested immediately after study, prior experience with lists involving the same material has no effect upon recall or recognition. In six experiments, we explored the possibility that immunity to proactive interference (PI) is related to discriminative information that is provided by transient phonemic codes. In these experiments, we manipulated the strength of phonemic codes as well as their presence or absence. Immunity to PI was found only when it was presumed that a phonemic representation of the target items existed and that information provided discriminative information. In all other cases, PI was observed. The finding that PI effects correspond with the manipulation of phonemic information in a principled fashion provides strong evidence for the role of phonemic codes in producing short-term PI effects. 相似文献
218.
Legal and ethical issues involved in group work are reviewed and discussed. Variations in different professional ethics codes are discussed. Recommendations for consideration by group leaders are made. 相似文献
219.
Gerald W. McRoberts Michael Studdert-Kennedy Donald P. Shankweiler 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1995,57(2):159-174
The fundamental frequency (F0) of the voice is used to convey information about both linguistic and affective distinctions. However, no research has directly investigated how these two types of distinctions are simultaneously encoded in speech production. This study provides evidence thatF0 prominences intended to convey linguistic or affective distinctions can be differentiated by their influence on the amount of final-syllableF0 rise used to signal a question. Specifically, a trading relation obtains when theF0 prominence is used to convey emphatic stress. That is, the amount of finalsyllableF0 rise decreases as theF0 prominence increases. When theF0 prominence is used to convey affect, no trading relation is observed. 相似文献
220.
Gerald V. Barrett Rosanna F. Miguel Dennis Doverspike 《Journal of business and psychology》1997,12(1):19-24
Previous research has found that test takers can score above chance level on reading comprehension tests even when the passages are omitted. The present research investigated whether the effect would vary as a function of race. In Study 1, 386 participants completed a reading test with the passages omitted. General mental ability and race were significantly correlated with test performance. In Study 2, 827 job applicants completed the test as part of an entry-level selection battery. Eliminating items for which large race differences existed in Study 1 had no real effect on the size of the Black-White mean difference. 相似文献