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51.
In Morals by Agreement, David Gauthier tries to provide a justification of morality from morally neutral premises within the constraints of an instrumental
conception of reason. But his reliance on this narrow conception of reason creates problems, for it suggests that moral motivation
is self-interested. However, Gauthier holds that to act morally is to act for the sake of morality and others, not oneself.
An individual who so acts has what he calls an affective capacity for morality. He attempts to reconcile the tension between
the self-interested account of moral behaviour and the affective capacity for morality by showing that the latter could develop
from the former without violating the constraints of instrumental rationality. I argue, first, that his account is incomplete
and assumes what it has to demonstrate; and, second, that this cannot be remedied with any plausibility. Finally, I argue
that Gauthier covertly relies on a substantive claim about human good that is inconsistent with the instrumental conception
of reason.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
52.
Gavin Nobes Derek G. Moore Alan E. Martin Brian R. Clifford George Butterworth Georgia Panagiotaki Michael Siegal 《Developmental science》2003,6(1):72-85
Children's understanding of properties of the earth was investigated by interviewing Asian and white British classmates aged 4?8 years (N = 167). Two issues were explored: whether they held mental models of the earth ( Vosniadou & Brewer, 1992 ) or instead had fragmented knowledge ( di Sessa, 1988 ); and the influence of the children's different cultural backgrounds. Children selected from a set of plastic models and answered forced‐choice questions. Using this methodology, there were no significant differences in the overall performance of Asian and white children after language skills were partialled out. Even young children showed an emerging knowledge of some properties of the earth, but the distributions of their combinations of responses provided no evidence that they had mental models. Instead, these distributions closely resembled those that would be expected if children's knowledge in this domain were fragmented. Possible reasons for the differences between these findings and those of previous research are discussed. 相似文献
53.
It has been proposed that sexual grooming behaviors of child molesters are not easily identified prior to the abuse. The present study investigated whether participants could recognize grooming behaviors, and if so, identify which stages of the process were most easily identified. Participants were randomly assigned to read one of six vignettes describing the stages of the grooming process. Results revealed no differences in likelihood ratings that the person in the vignette was a child molester and would commit sexual abuse between any of the conditions, suggesting that people may be unable to identify potentially predatory behaviors of child molesters prospectively. 相似文献
54.
Aris R. Terzopoulos Lynne G. Duncan Mark A. J. Wilson Georgia Z. Niolaki Jackie Masterson 《Behavior research methods》2017,49(1):83-96
In this article, we introduce HelexKids, an online written-word database for Greek-speaking children in primary education (Grades 1 to 6). The database is organized on a grade-by-grade basis, and on a cumulative basis by combining Grade 1 with Grades 2 to 6. It provides values for Zipf, frequency per million, dispersion, estimated word frequency per million, standard word frequency, contextual diversity, orthographic Levenshtein distance, and lemma frequency. These values are derived from 116 textbooks used in primary education in Greece and Cyprus, producing a total of 68,692 different word types. HelexKids was developed to assist researchers in studying language development, educators in selecting age-appropriate items for teaching, as well as writers and authors of educational books for Greek/Cypriot children. The database is open access and can be searched online at www.helexkids.org. 相似文献
55.
Lee-Flynn SC Pomaki G Delongis A Biesanz JC Puterman E 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2011,37(2):255-268
The current study investigated how self-esteem and self-concept clarity are implicated in the stress process both in the short and long term. Initial and 2-year follow-up interviews were completed by 178 participants from stepfamily unions. In twice-daily structured diaries over 7 days, participants reported their main family stressor, cognitive appraisals (perceived stressor threat and stressor controllability), and negative affect. Results of multilevel modeling indicated that high self-esteem ameliorated the effect of daily negative cognitive appraisals on daily negative affect. Self-concept clarity also buffered the effect of low self-self-esteem on depressive symptoms 2 years later. Our findings point to the vulnerability of those having low self-esteem or low self-concept clarity in terms of both short- and long-term adaptation to stress. They indicate the need for the consideration of such individual differences in designing stress management interventions. 相似文献
56.
U.S. governing institutions, especially Congress, have received limited investigation as gendered institutions. Political representation suffers as a result. Improved theorizing about gender and governing institutions requires discursive shifts. A framework to improve empirical research is advanced. It juxtaposes variants of gender proto-ideologies, masculinism and feminalism, and organizes these pairs according to strands of shared views. These gender strands also compound with the spectrum of governing ideologies, such as social liberalism or neoconservatism. This approach enables nuanced interpretation and explanation, pointing toward potential alliances and sites of transformation for better political representation. 相似文献
57.
Liben LS Susman EJ Finkelstein JW Chinchilli VM Kunselman S Schwab J Dubas JS Demers LM Lookingbill G Darcangelo MR Krogh HR Kulin HE 《Developmental psychology》2002,38(2):236-253
Males typically surpass females in spatial performance, an outcome that may be linked to testosterone and estrogen. The authors (a) review physiological mechanisms, developmental periods, and past empirical work relevant to sex steroids' effects on human spatial performance and (b) report an experimental study of the role of actively circulating sex steroids in adolescents being treated for delayed puberty (N = 55; mean age = 13.70 years). Sex steroids (simulating early, middle, and late puberty) and placebos were given alternately over 21 months and spatial tests were given every 3 months. Spatial performance showed traditional sex differences but did not vary with levels of actively circulating sex steroids. 相似文献
58.
59.
This article describes a qualitative study examining two interrelated facets of the school-to-work transition among urban high school students: their relationships with important adults within that transition and the ways they experience the subjective aspects of social class and class-related constructs in those relationships. Participants were 27 urban adolescents participating in a school-to-work program or otherwise employed after school. We analyzed data generated from participants’ elaborations on their scaled responses to adapted Relational Health Index items pertaining to supervisors and other important adults at work. Qualitative analysis identified four thematic categories of how social class is experienced in urban adolescents’ relationships at work: Navigation of Identity; Perceptions of Similarity, Difference, and Being Understood; Receipt of Mobility Encouragement; and Awareness of Stratification. Results suggest that the first two of these categories represent the ways that participants work to find balance between the dual realities of Mobility and Stratification. 相似文献
60.
In this article we argue that conceptual competence should be seen as a component of second language (L2) communicative competence.
Abstract concepts are highly expressed by means of metaphors, metonymies, idioms and other types of figurative language. In
literature it is suggested that knowledge and appropriate use of these lexical segments are closely related to L2 mastery
and therefore conceptual instruction is expected to facilitate L2 learning. To test the relationship between conceptual and
L2 competence we conducted an experiment in which Modern Greek learners were encouraged to express their views on the concept
of happiness. The results showed their weak performance in conveying their ideas in a coherent and acceptable manner. 相似文献