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Aurélie Krzeminski Isabelle Milhabet Georges Schadron 《International journal of psychology》2021,56(5):654-668
Several common characteristics are shared by competition and comparative optimism; and comparative optimism has often been observed in competitive environments like entrepreneurial fields or areas that require skills. Competitive context could be an explanatory factor for comparative optimism neglected to date. The aim of this article is to test the links between competition (vs. cooperation) and comparative optimism. In Study 1, participants in different academic majors with a more or less competitive nature (respectively, medical studies and human sciences studies) answered questions about their future and that of others. In Study 2, for the participants in the less competitive course of study (human sciences studies), we presented their studies as being either competitive or cooperative. The impact of this context was tested as a function of the closeness or distance between the participants and the comparison targets. The results of both studies showed that competition increased the expression of comparative optimism. In Study 2, this effect emerged more when the comparison target was distant than when it was close, with proximity hindering the competitive relationship between the self and others. The feeling of competition with others contributed to a better understanding of comparative optimism and initiated new explanations for its emergence. 相似文献
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This article presents a new methodology for solving problems resulting from missing data in large-scale item performance behavioral
databases. Useful statistics corrected for missing data are described, and a new method of imputation for missing data is
proposed. This methodology is applied to the Dutch Lexicon Project database recently published by Keuleers, Diependaele, and
Brysbaert (Frontiers in Psychology, 1, 174, 2010), which allows us to conclude that this database fulfills the conditions of use of the method recently proposed
by Courrieu, Brand-D’Abrescia, Peereman, Spieler, and Rey (2011) for testing item performance models. Two application programs in MATLAB code are provided for the imputation of missing
data in databases and for the computation of corrected statistics to test models. 相似文献
26.
How are we to understand the fact that the philosophical debate over nanotechnologies has been reduced to a clash of seemingly
preprogrammed arguments and counterarguments that paralyzes all rational discussion of the ultimate ethical question of social
acceptability in matters of nanotechnological development? With this issue as its starting point, the study reported on here,
intended to further comprehension of the issues rather than provide a cause-and-effect explanation, seeks to achieve a rational
grasp of what is being said through the appeals made to this or that principle in the range of arguments put forward in publications
on the subject. We present the results of the study’s analyses in two parts. In the first, we lay out the seven categories
of argument that emerged from an analysis of the literature: the arguments based on nature, dignity, the good life, utility,
equity, autonomy, and rights. In the second part, we present the background moral stances that support each category of argument.
Identifying the different categories of argument and the moral stance that underlies each category will enable a better grasp
of the reasons for the multiplicity of the arguments that figure in discussions of the acceptability of nanotechnologies and
will ultimately contribute to overcoming the tendency towards talking past each other that all too often disfigures the exchange.
Clarifying the implications of the moral arguments deployed in the debate over nanotechnologies may make it possible to reduce
the confusion observable in these exchanges and contribute to a better grasp of the reasons for their current unproductiveness. 相似文献
27.
The emergence and development of convergent technologies for the purpose of improving human performance, including nanotechnology,
biotechnology, information sciences, and cognitive science (NBICs), open up new horizons in the debates and moral arguments
that must be engaged by philosophers who hope to take seriously the question of the ethical and social acceptability of these
technologies. This article advances an analysis of the factors that contribute to confusion and discord on the topic, in order
to help in understanding why arguments that form a part of the debate between transhumanism and humanism result in a philosophical
and ethical impasse: 1. The lack of clarity that emerges from the fact that any given argument deployed (arguments based on
nature and human nature, dignity, the good life) can serve as the basis for both the positive and the negative evaluation
of NBICs. 2. The impossibility of providing these arguments with foundations that will enable others to deem them acceptable.
3. The difficulty of applying these same arguments to a specific situation. 4. The ineffectiveness of moral argument in a
democratic society. The present effort at communication about the difficulties of the argumentation process is intended as
a necessary first step towards developing an interdisciplinary response to those difficulties. 相似文献
28.
Steffgen G König A Pfetsch J Melzer A 《Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking》2011,14(11):643-648
Meta-analyses confirm a negative relationship between aggressive behavior and empathy, that is, the ability to understand and share the feelings of others. Based on theoretical considerations, it was, therefore, hypothesized that a lack of empathic responsiveness may be characteristic for cyberbullies in particular. In the present study, 2.070 students of Luxembourg secondary schools completed an online survey that included a cyberbullying questionnaire(4) and a novel empathy short scale. According to the main hypothesis, analyses of variances indicated that cyberbullies demonstrated less empathic responsiveness than non-cyberbullies. In addition, cyberbullies were also more afraid of becoming victims of cyberbullying. The findings confirm and substantially extend the research on the relationship between empathy and aggressive behavior. From an educational point of view, the present findings suggest that training of empathy skills might be an important tool to decrease cyberbullying. 相似文献
29.
On Happiness: A Minimalist Perspective on a Complex Neural Circuitry and its Psychosocial Constructs
To the human race, Happiness is surely the most coveted of emotions, yet the science behind it is almost as elusive as how
to attain and maintain it. An attempt to understand the basis of happiness and its components, in addition to other positive
experiences, including mirth and laughter, is a formidable task. Happiness is a separate entity and is not the absence or
the opposite of sadness. It deserves its own field of study. It is impermeable to money and transient pleasurable overshoots.
This paper is an open invitation to explore the domain of Happiness, review its neuroanatomical and psychosocial constructs
and live in its blissful unawareness. 相似文献
30.
Dominguez FJ Lawrence C Halpern EF Drohan B Grinstein G Black DM Smith BL Gadd MA Specht M Kopans DB Moore RH Hughes SS Roche CA Hughes KS 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(3):341-345
The self-reporting of cancer history is becoming increasingly important, as it frequently guides medical decision-making.
We studied the accuracy of personal cancer history using a self-administered questionnaire, comparing the results with the
Tumor Registry at our institution. Among 39,662 records, we identified 3614 women with a single cancer in the Tumor Registry
who reported none or one cancer on their questionnaire. The sensitivity in self-reporting cancers was 85.7%, ranging from
92.1% for breast cancer to 42.9% for leukemia. The accuracy for breast cancer and Hodgkin's Lymphoma was significantly better
than other cancers (p=0.00027, CI: 1.4–3.88). Analysis of patient's characteristics showed that Caucasians reported breast cancer more accurately
than Asian/Pacific Islanders (p=0.008), and those with Jewish ancestry more accurately than non-Jewish (p=0.0435). These results will help us to improve data collection and thus improve medical decision-making. 相似文献