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891.
Mather G 《Perception》2010,39(10):1390-1395
Body size is crucial for determining the outcome of competition for resources and mates. Many species use acoustic cues to measure caller body size. Vision is the pre-eminent sense for humans, but visual depth cues are of limited utility in judgments of absolute body size. The reliability of internal body proportion as a potential cue to stature was assessed with a large sample of anthropometric data, and the ratio of head height to body height (HBR) was found to be highly correlated with stature. A psychophysical experiment was carried out to investigate whether the cue actually influences stature judgments. Participants were shown pairs of photographs of human figures in which HBR had been manipulated systematically, and asked to select the figure that appeared taller. Results showed that figures with a relatively small HBR were consistently perceived as taller than figures with a relatively large HBR. Many classical statues such as Michelangelo's David depart from the classical proportions defined in Leonardo's Vitruvian Man. A supplementary experiment showed that perceived stature in classical statues also depends on HBR. Michelangelo's David was created with the HBR of a man 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) tall. 相似文献
892.
When evaluating the moral character of others, people show a strong bias to more heavily weigh behaviors at the end of an individual’s life, even if those behaviors arise in light of an overwhelmingly longer duration of contradictory behavior. Across four experiments, we find that this “end-of-life” bias uniquely applies to intentional changes in behavior that immediately precede death, and appears to result from the inference that the behavioral change reflects the emergence of the individual’s “true self”. 相似文献
893.
Laurence Conty David Gimmig Clément Belletier Nathalie George Pascal Huguet 《Cognition》2010,115(1):133-139
Current models in social neuroscience advance that eye contact may automatically recruit cognitive resources. Here, we directly tested this hypothesis by evaluating the distracting strength of eye contact on concurrent visual processing in the well-known Stroop’s paradigm. As expected, participants showed stronger Stroop interference under concomitant eye contact as compared to closed eyes. Two control experiments allowed ruling out low-level account of this effect as well as non-specific effect of the presence of open eyes. This suggests that refraining from processing eye contact is actually as difficult as refraining from word reading in the Stroop task. Crucially, the eye contact effect was obtained while gaze was not under the direct focus of attention and the participants were faced with another powerful distracter (the incongruent word) in the task at hand. Thus, there is a cost of being watched even in circumstances where the processing of direct gaze is strongly disfavored. The present results emphasize the crucial status of eye contact in human cognition. 相似文献
894.
Vassilis Barkoukis Martin S. Hagger George Lambropoulos Haralambos Tsorbatzoudis 《The British journal of educational psychology》2010,80(4):647-670
Background. The trans‐contextual model (TCM) is an integrated model of motivation that aims to explain the processes by which agentic support for autonomous motivation in physical education promotes autonomous motivation and physical activity in a leisure‐time context. It is proposed that perceived support for autonomous motivation in physical education is related to autonomous motivation in physical education and leisure‐time contexts. Furthermore, relations between autonomous motivation and the immediate antecedents of intentions to engage in physical activity behaviour and actual behaviour are hypothesized. Aims. The purpose of the present study was to incorporate the constructs of basic psychological need satisfaction in the TCM to provide a more comprehensive explanation of motivation and demonstrate the robustness of the findings of previous tests of the model that have not incorporated these constructs. Sample. Students (N=274) from Greek secondary schools. Method. Participants completed self‐report measures of perceived autonomy support, autonomous motivation, and basic psychological need satisfaction in physical education. Follow‐up measures of these variables were taken in a leisure‐time context along with measures of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control (PBC), and intentions from the theory of planned behaviour 1 week later. Self‐reported physical activity behaviour was measured 4 weeks later. Results. Results supported TCM hypotheses. Basic psychological need satisfaction variables uniquely predicted autonomous motivation in physical education and leisure time as well as the antecedents of intention, namely, attitudes, and PBC. The basic psychological need satisfaction variables also mediated the effects of perceived autonomy support on autonomous motivation in physical education. Conclusions. Findings support the TCM and provide further information of the mechanisms in the model and integrated theories of motivation in physical education and leisure time. 相似文献
895.
896.
The purpose of this research was to examine antecedents of championing diversity (i.e., extra‐role behaviors aimed at ensuring the success of diversity initiatives). In Study 1 (N = 170 students), race and sex were marginally related to championing diversity, while extraversion, racial prejudice, and sexual prejudice held stronger associations with the behavior. In Study 2 (N = 299 employees), racial prejudice, sexual prejudice, and coworker support for diversity were all predictive of championing behavior. The findings suggest that both personal and social factors influence people's championing behaviors. Contributions, limitations, and future directions are advanced. 相似文献
897.
Heather Kitzman-Ulrich Dawn K. Wilson Sara M. St. George Hannah Lawman Michelle Segal Amanda Fairchild 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2010,13(3):231-253
Rates of overweight in youth have reached epidemic proportions and are associated with adverse health outcomes. Family-based
programs have been widely used to treat overweight in youth. However, few programs incorporate a theoretical framework for
studying a family systems approach in relation to youth health behavior change. Therefore, this review provides a family systems
theory framework for evaluating family-level variables in weight loss, physical activity, and dietary approaches in youth.
Studies were reviewed and effect sizes were calculated for interventions that manipulated the family system, including components
that targeted parenting styles, parenting skills, or family functioning, or which had novel approaches for including the family.
Twenty-one weight loss interventions were identified, and 25 interventions related to physical activity and/or diet were identified.
Overall, family-based treatment programs that incorporated training for authoritative parenting styles, parenting skills,
or child management, and family functioning had positive effects on youth weight loss. Programs to improve physical activity
and dietary behaviors that targeted the family system also demonstrated improvements in youth health behaviors; however, direct
effects of parent-targeted programming is not clear. Both treatment and prevention programs would benefit from evaluating
family functioning and parenting styles as possible mediators of intervention outcomes. Recommendations are provided to guide
the development of future family-based obesity prevention and treatment programs for youth. 相似文献
898.
899.
Three studies tested the valence-framing effect: that merely conceptualizing one's preferences as opposing something will make that preference more resistant to persuasion than will thinking about the same preference in terms of supporting something . In Study 1, participants who were led to conceptualize their political preferences as being against a candidate were more resistant to a counterattitudinal message than were participants who were led to conceptualize the same preference as being in favor of the other candidate. Study 2 showed that this effect was not due to a priming process, while Study 3 provided evidence for the effect's generalizability. 相似文献
900.
Universities are facing a critical challenge; university citizenship has steadily declined over the last few decades. As a
self-governing entity, most of the foundational elements of a university community are within its own control. As a result,
the health and future welfare of the institution depends greatly on the quality of its leaders and robustness of its governing
structure. These in turn depend on the quality of those undertaking leadership roles and serving on governing bodies and on
the degree to which they reflect its values and aspirations. Maximising the probability that these desiderata will be achieved
requires a broad-based faculty willingness to serve conscientiously on these bodies and to serve as administrators to be involved
in selecting members, and to be involved on the myriad of sub-committees, task forces, departmental committees, and the like.
It is not only an abdication of citizenship to leave governance and administration of the institution to a few willing faculty,
it is dangerous and puts at risk the welfare of the institution. Even if these few were all able to place the welfare of the
institution above their own particular agendas and their self-interest (not something on which to count), the process of self-selection
could not be expected to result in a group that would adequately reflect, represent or understand the breadth and depth of
the needs, aspirations and complex circumstances of the entire institution. The larger the pool of willing participants, the
greater the probability that those selected will reflect best the institutional diversity. This paper draws out the rights
and obligations of faculty citizens embedded in the structural arrangements common to universities in the western world. In
part A we examine three fundamental components of those arrangements, components that collectively define certain rights and
entail certain obligations of citizenship. These obligations flow in part from essential rights, and also in part from what
is necessary to sustain the viability and vibrancy of the community. In Part B, we examine some of these essential obligations
of citizenship. In Part C, we make recommendations about how to promote effective citizenship; these recommendations are collected
after Part C under the heading “Recommendations.” 相似文献