The co-therapy relationship: Mutuality,agreement and client outcome

This project, utilizing a pretest and posttest design, studied interactions between co-therapists and the relationships of their interactions to client outcome. Six co-therapist pairs at a counseling center saw two clients in multiple treatments yielding twelve cases. The study investigated co-therapist relationships in regard to: (a) their level of mutuality or caring for their partners, (b) their ratings of the quality of their relationships, and (c) their agreement as to perceptions and behavior during sessions. Also investigated were: the relation of co-therapist interaction to client outcome and the personal growth of the therapists over the course of therapy. Results supported success claims of the literature concerning co-therapy.     

Logic of paradox revisited

Conclusion If, to return to the image with which I started this paper we consider the path of papers written on the logical paradoxes, then there is much to be learnt from the more recent additions, those by Chihara, Dowden and Woodruff included. However, the case for the paraconsistent approach to the paradoxes has not been weakened. In fact, it seems to me to have been strengthened. If we consider the path of papers, not as a signle line, but branching according to the approach to the paradoxes advocated, then the Logic of Paradox would, I still submit, be on the right track.     

Food anticipation and lever-directed activities in rats

Three experiments are described which elaborate some of the conditions under which rats will contact and manipulate a periodically presented retractable lever. Experiment 1 demonstrated that (i) initial manipulative oral and manual contact with the lever was facilitated if the rat had previous experience of food delivery in the experimental chamber; (ii) persistence in contacting the lever on successive presentations was a function of whether food continued to be presented in the experimental environment; and (iii) food satiation significantly reduced the tendency of the rat to contact the lever even though an expectancy of food had previously been established under conditions of food deprivation. Experiment 2 suggested that the tendency to approach and contact the lever was in part a function of the local moment-to-moment conditional probability of food delivery. Experiment 3 found that the probability of contacting the lever was higher during presentation of an auditory CS signaling a high rate of food delivery than during stimuli signaling no food at all. These results are interpreted as suggesting that the food-signaling aspects of an appetitive CS and that CS's ability to generate signal-directed behaviors are experimentall separable properties.     

A method for the precise switching of speech

A simple procedure by which a speech signal may be switched on or off (or from one ear to the other) at a precise instant of time is described. The speech sample is first recorded on a magnetic tape loop. A reference pulse is then recorded preceding the speech signal. This reference pulse triggers an adjustable time delay which in tum operates an electronic switch at an appropriate time.     

Response latencies in human matching-to-sample

Optimum characterization of individual information-processing skills requires isolation of assessable components. In matching-to-sample, three elementary processes might be separated if a proposed model of serial, selfterminating search were supported: registration of the stimulus in short-term memory, comparison of the two registered stimuli, and execution of the identifying response. Support for the model was obtained when response latencies were examined as a function of left-to-right position of the target stimulus in a display, but quantitative estimates of components could not be made because of interactions between tasks and the linearity of the scanning process. A second experiment, which varied the number of comparison stimuli, yielded highly linear functions whose slopes and intercepts violated certain aspects of the model. Data on eye movements obtained in a third experiment again supported the basic model but indicated that median response latencies represent a confounding of optimal and suboptimal performances.     

A general rotation criterion and its use in orthogonal rotation

Measures of test parsimony and factor parsimony are defined. Minimizing their weighted sum produces a general rotation criterion for either oblique or orthogonal rotation. The quartimax, varimax and equamax criteria are special cases of the expression. Two new criteria are developed. One of these, the parsimax criterion, apparently gives excellent results. It is argued that one of the most important factors bearing on the choice of a rotation criterion for a particular problem is the amount of information available on the number of factors that should be rotated. This research was supported by the National Research Council of Canada research grant 291-13 to Dr. G. A. Ferguson.