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91.
Prof. Dr. Georg J. Bruns 《Forum der Psychoanalyse》2012,28(3):225-243
The author examines the association between trauma and psychosis. To illustrate this he presents clinical examples of active and passive experiences of violence by adult psychotic patients, for whom forerunners in the form of childhood experiences of violence were found in some psychoanalytical treatments. They take place in traumatic relationships. Recent empirical studies have shown that trauma plays an influential role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Traumatic relationships have a contradictory structure which possesses an impressive similarity to the schizophrenic dilemma of adult psychotics. The author therefore considers the schizophrenic dilemma as an introspective manifestation of a traumatic relationship, a part of the violent nature of psychiatric institutions as re-enactment of the traumatic relationship. 相似文献
92.
93.
Georg Spielthenner 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2014,17(5):861-874
In this article I am concerned with analogical reasoning in ethics. There is no doubt that the use of analogy can be a powerful tool in our ethical reasoning. The importance of this mode of reasoning is therefore commonly accepted, but there is considerable debate concerning how its structure should be understood and how it should be assessed, both logically and epistemically. In this paper, I first explain the basic structure of arguments from analogy in ethics. I then discuss the diversity of analogical arguments that can be found in ethics. I analyse their structure, assess them from a logical viewpoint, and show how they can be epistemically challenged and defended. The result of this investigation is that, contrary to a commonly held view, analogical reasoning can be a logically valid type of ethical reasoning that can provide reasons for action that are not worse than the reasons provided by any other kind of practical reasoning. 相似文献
94.
Markus Huff Hauke S. Meyerhoff Frank Papenmeier Georg Jahn 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2010,72(3):628-636
Research on dynamic attention has shown that visual tracking is possible even if the observer’s viewpoint on the scene holding the moving objects changes. In contrast to smooth viewpoint changes, abrupt changes typically impair tracking performance. The lack of continuous information about scene motion, resulting from abrupt changes, seems to be the critical variable. However, hard onsets of objects after abrupt scene motion could explain the impairment as well. We report three experiments employing object invisibility during smooth and abrupt viewpoint changes to examine the influence of scene information on visual tracking, while equalizing hard onsets of moving objects after the viewpoint change. Smooth viewpoint changes provided continuous information about scene motion, which supported the tracking of temporarily invisible objects. However, abrupt and, therefore, discontinuous viewpoint changes strongly impaired tracking performance. Object locations retained with respect to a reference frame can account for the attentional tracking that follows invisible objects through continuous scene motion. 相似文献
95.
96.
Georg H. Eifert Kendall E. Coburn Janette L. Seville 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2013,26(2):165-176
Traditional explanations of anxiety reduction through behavioral interventions such as extinction, habituation, reciprocal inhibition, and counterconditioning do not adequately account for all instances and aspects of anxiety reduction and clinical methods employed in contemporary behavior therapy. This article examines the role of an additional process — the alterations of perceptions of control — believed to be operative in anxiety reduction. We discuss three targets for establishing control in behavioral treatments of anxiety: (1) control over one's physiological responding while in an anxiety-producing situation, (2) control over the anxiety-producing stimulus or situation itself, and (3) control over the conduct of exposure. These three types of control perceptions are differentially important for different types of anxiety disorders. Implications for the conduct of behavioral treatments and possibilities for increasing client perceptions of control in anxiety treatment programs are outlined. We also recommend that client perceptions of control should be systematically assessed in order to relate them to treatment successes and failures. 相似文献
97.
A pervasive hypothesis in the timing literature is that temporal processing in the milliseconds and seconds range engages the basal ganglia and is modulated by dopamine. This hypothesis was investigated by testing 12 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), both 'on' and 'off' dopaminergic medication, and 20 healthy controls on three timing tasks. In a seconds range (30-120 s) time production task, patients tested 'on' medication showed a significantly different accuracy profile compared to controls and when tested 'off' medication. However, no group or on vs off medication differences in accuracy were found on a time reproduction task and a warned reaction time task requiring temporal processing within the 250-2000 ms range. Variability was measured using the coefficient of variation, with the performance of the patient group on the time reproduction task violating the scalar property, suggesting atypical temporal processing mechanisms. The data suggest that the integrity of the basal ganglia is necessary for 'typical' time production in the seconds range as well as for time reproduction at shorter intervals. Exploratory factor analysis suggested that the time production task uses neural mechanisms distinct from those used in the other two timing tasks. The dissociation of the effects of dopaminergic medication and nature of task on performance in PD raises interesting questions about the pharmacological mediation and task-specificity of deficits in temporal processing. 相似文献
98.
Georg Brun 《Erkenntnis》2008,69(1):1-30
There is a long-standing debate whether propositions, sentences, statements or utterances provide an answer to the question
of what objects logical formulas stand for. Based on the traditional understanding of logic as a science of valid arguments,
this question is firstly framed more exactly, making explicit that it calls not only for identifying some class of objects,
but also for explaining their relationship to ordinary language utterances. It is then argued that there are strong arguments
against the proposals commonly put forward in the debate. The core of the problem is that an informative account of the objects
formulas stand for presupposes a theory of formalization; that is, a theory that explains what formulas may adequately substitute
for an inference in proofs of validity. Although such theories are still subject to research, some consequences can be drawn
from an analysis of the reasons why the common accounts featuring sentences, propositions or utterances fail. Theories of
formalization cannot refer to utterances qua expressions of propositions; instead they may refer to sentences and rely on
additional information about linguistic structure and pragmatic context. 相似文献
99.
Hans‐Georg Moeller 《亚洲哲学》2004,14(1):25-39
This article discusses New Confucian views on individuality and related philosophical problems. Special emphasis is given to the position of Tu Wei‐Ming (Du Weiming), a foremost living New Confucian thinker. It is pointed out that many New Confucian philosophers share a vision of a Confucian ‘ideal’ individuality or selfhood based on social integration – as opposed to a Western type of individuality sometimes portrayed as an individuality by isolation. These patterns of individuality are further examined on the basis of Niklas Luhmann's historical analysis of the semantics of individuality and his categories of ‘individuality by inclusion’ and ‘individuality by exclusion’. Finally, some parallels and differences between Confucian and the Luhmannian viewpoints are pointed out, and a suggestion on how a Luhmannian perspective might contribute to reformulations of New Confucian thought is attempted. 相似文献
100.
Georg Krammer Markus Sommer Martin E. Arendasy 《Journal of personality assessment》2017,99(5):510-523
This study examines the stability of the response process and the rank-order of respondents responding to 3 personality scales in 4 different response conditions. Applicants to the University College of Teacher Education Styria (N = 243) completed personality scales as part of their college admission process. Half a year later, they retook the same personality scales in 1 of 3 randomly assigned experimental response conditions: honest, faking-good, or reproduce. Longitudinal means and covariance structure analyses showed that applicants' response processes could be partially reproduced after half a year, and respondents seemed to rely on an honest response behavior as a frame of reference. Additionally, applicants' faking behavior and instructed faking (faking-good) caused differences in the latent retest correlations and consistently affected measurement properties. The varying latent retest correlations indicated that faking can distort respondents' rank-order and thus the fairness of subsequent selection decisions, depending on the kind of faking behavior. Instructed faking (faking-good) even affected weak measurement invariance, whereas applicants' faking behavior did not. Consequently, correlations with personality scales—which can be utilized for predictive validity—may be readily interpreted for applicants. Faking behavior also introduced a uniform bias, implying that the classically observed mean raw score differences may not be readily interpreted. 相似文献