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151.
Nhung Hendy Georg Krammer Julie Aitken Schermer Michael D. Biderman 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2021,29(1):81-99
To identify faking, bifactor models were applied to Big Five personality data in three studies of laboratory and applicant samples using within‐subjects designs. The models were applied to homogenous data sets from separate honest, instructed faking, applicant conditions, and to simulated applicant data sets containing random individual responses from honest and faking conditions. Factor scores from the general factor in a bifactor model were found to be most highly related to response condition in both types of data sets. Domain factor scores from the faking conditions were found less affected by faking in measurement of Big Five domains than summated scale scores across studies. We conclude that bifactor models are efficacious in assessing the Big Five domains while controlling for faking. 相似文献
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153.
Kathrin Finke Leandra Bucher Georg Kerkhoff Ingo Keller Friedrich von Rosen Thomas Geyer Hermann Müller Peter Bublak 《Psychological research》2009,73(2):177-185
In visual search for pop-out targets, reaction times are facilitated when the target on the current trial appears at a previous
target location, and inhibited when it appears at a previous distractor location, relative to when it appears at a previously
empty (neutral) location (Maljkovic and Nakayama, Perception and Psychophysics 58:977–991, 1996). However, while normal subjects
are able to positively/negatively tag selected target/rejected distractor locations to guide search on the next trial, patients
with visual hemi-neglect may have a (uni- or bilateral) deficit in these functions that may contribute to their disturbed
visual scanning behavior. To examine this, using a pop-out search task, the present study assessed cross-trial facilitatory
and inhibitory priming in 14 patients with left-sided visual hemi-neglect and in 14 age-, education-, and IQ-matched control
subjects. The group of neglect patients did show significant facilitatory and inhibitory priming. However, while control subjects
exhibited balanced effects of facilitation and inhibition, inhibition was relatively reduced in magnitude in neglect patients.
In particular, inhibition was virtually absent in two patients with lesions affecting superior regions of the frontal cortex,
putatively encroaching on the frontal eye field of the right hemisphere. These findings provide neuropsychological evidence
that facilitatory and inhibitory priming effects are based on dissociable mechanisms, consistent with Geyer et al. (Journal
of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 33:788–797, 2007). 相似文献
154.
The nature of “the self” has been one of the central problems in philosophy and more recently in neuroscience. This raises various questions: (i) Can we attribute a self to animals? (ii) Do animals and humans share certain aspects of their core selves, yielding a trans-species concept of self? (iii) What are the neural processes that underlie a possible trans-species concept of self? (iv) What are the developmental aspects and do they result in various levels of self-representation? Drawing on recent literature from both human and animal research, we suggest a trans-species concept of self that is based upon what has been called a “core-self” which can be described by self-related processing (SRP) as a specific mode of interaction between organism and environment. When we refer to specific neural networks, we will here refer to the underlying system as the “core-SELF.” The core-SELF provides primordial neural coordinates that represent organisms as living creatures—at the lowest level this elaborates interoceptive states along with raw emotional feelings (i.e., the intentions in action of a primordial core-SELF) while higher medial cortical levels facilitate affective-cognitive integration (yielding a fully-developed nomothetic core-self). Developmentally, SRP allows stimuli from the environment to be related and linked to organismic needs, signaled and processed within core-self structures within subcorical-cortical midline structures (SCMS) that provide the foundation for epigenetic emergence of ecologically framed, higher idiographic forms of selfhood across different individuals within a species. These functions ultimately operate as a coordinated network. We postulate that core SRP operates automatically, is deeply affective, and is developmentally and epigenetically connected to sensory-motor and higher cognitive abilities. This core-self is mediated by SCMS, embedded in visceral and instinctual representations of the body that are well integrated with basic attentional, emotional and motivational functions that are apparently shared between humans, non-human mammals, and perhaps in a proto-SELF form, other vertebrates. Such a trans-species concept of organismic coherence is thoroughly biological and affective at the lowest levels of a complex neural network, and culturally and ecologically molded at higher levels of neural processing. It allows organisms to selectively adapt to and integrate with physical and social environments. Such a psychobiologically universal, but environmentally diversified, concept may promote novel trans-species studies of the core-self across mammalian species. 相似文献
155.
Brennan D. Peterson Georg H. Eifert Tal Feingold Sarah Davidson 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2009,16(4):430-442
Although the field of couple therapy has made significant strides in recent years, there continues to be a need for theoretically sound and empirically supported treatments. The current case study examines whether Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), an experiential acceptance-based behavior therapy, can be effective in treating distressed couples. Although ACT has demonstrated effectiveness in treating a variety of disorders in individuals, it has not been systemically applied to the treatment of couple distress, and the current study is the first empirical examination of ACT for the treatment of couples. Two married couples participated in the study. A number of core ACT interventions were modified to treat couples in a conjoint format. Cognitive defusion exercises were used to help couples reduce their fusion with and the believability of negative thoughts and feelings related to the relationship. Mindfulness and acceptance techniques were used to help couples increase awareness of their reactions to negative relationship cycles. Finally, value-directed action was used to help partners act in ways consistent with relationship values even in the presence of unwanted thoughts and feelings. The results of this preliminary case study suggest that ACT may be effective in increasing marital adjustment and satisfaction, and in reducing interpersonal and psychological distress in couples. Future studies with larger samples and more controlled designs are needed to build on the results from this single-case study. 相似文献
156.
Posttraumatic stress related to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and general psychological distress were examined in six cohorts of college students (N=5412) enrolled at an American public university between Spring 2000 and Fall 2002 some 2,500 miles from New York. Consistent with data from Schuster et al.'s (2001) national survey, which used a very low threshold criterion, our findings revealed that 44% of women and 32% of men experienced at least one symptom of posttraumatic stress 6-17 days after the attacks. In contrast to these results, depression levels showed only small differences, and self-esteem and trait anxiety showed no changes. Findings indicate that 9/11-related stress responses among distant witnesses were very mild, transitory and focused in scope, suggesting resilience with respect to broader psychological and psychopathological reactions. Findings are discussed with respect to the role of physical and psychological proximity on the reactions to traumatic events in the general population. 相似文献
157.
Dipl.-Psych. Béla Paschen Rina Saha Christiane Baldus Miriam Haagen Martina Pott Georg Romer Paul Probst 《Psychotherapeut》2007,52(4):265-272
Children of parents suffering from a serious disease (e.g. cancer, multiple sclerosis, Aids) are at increased risk for mental health problems. Empirically based interventions for these children are missing. At the University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, a preventive short-term counselling service has been existing since July 2000. Results from a 6-month evaluation (n=50) are presented. The evaluation encompasses a retrospective interrogation in a multiperspective und multidimensional approach. Most families experienced the intervention as helpful and supportive in coping with the multiple stressors of the situation. Out of a previously defined list of 12 intervention goals, enhancing anticipatory grief in children, their active coping behaviour as well as parents’ sense of their own parenting competence were identified as the most important foci of the counselling interventions, as reported by parents, children and therapists. 相似文献
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