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191.
192.
Georg von Békésy 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1971,9(1):1-4
The localization of sensations in sense organs that developed ontogenetically from the ectoderm layer, like vision, hearing, and skin, is much more precise than sensations inside the body, like pain in the chest or viscera, which are produced by receptors developed from the entoderm layer. Pain on the surface of the skin is much more sharply localized than is pain in the viscera. Personal experiences of pain sensations produced by an obstruction in the colon and the effects of anesthesia are described. It became evident that anesthesia can influence the activity of the vestibular organ for many days. 相似文献
193.
Georg von Békésy 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1970,8(5):343-347
In binocular vision the apparent rotation of an object relative to the frontal plane seldom corresponds with the actual rotation. The reason for this is a difference in the brightness of the object in both eyes. It can be produced by a difference in the pupil size, adaptation, or sensitivity. One of the purposes of the pupils seems to be to compensate for this brightness unbalance and to make the apparent rotation come closer to the actual one. Unbalance was produced by placing a density filter before one eye, and the corresponding rotations were then measured. The rotations are affected by the irradiation in the eye, as a physical component, but also by the lateral inhibition in the visual nervous system. If the object and the background have a different color but there is no brightness difference on the edges of the object, there is no distorted rotation. 相似文献
194.
195.
This study explored possible mechanisms involved with the maintenance of generalized anxiety. While several general anxiety-related variables were investigated, the relationship between worry and intrusive thoughts was of primary interest. We postulated that anxious persons continue to worry in order to avoid recollections of distressing life events. Accordingly, we hypothesized that worry can be distinguished from intrusive thoughts and that the experience of worry would be preferred to intrusive thoughts. Results of a factor analysis indicated that worry and intrusive thought items loaded on separate factors, which supports the hypothesis that worry can be distinguished from intrusive thoughts. The study also examined whether different patterns of worry and intrusive thoughts distinguish between high-anxious, panic, and low-anxious persons and how anxiety sensitivity and self-consciousness are related to generalized anxiety and panic. Finally, we discussed the implications of our results for understanding the psychopathology base of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. 相似文献
196.
Georg Henning Andreas Stenling Susanne Tafvelin Melanie Ebener Magnus Lindwall 《Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology》2023,96(1):33-55
Previous studies suggest a preretirement disengagement process from work, which includes reduced work motivation. In this study, we investigated changes in autonomous and controlled work motivation over two years among participants of the Health, Aging and Retirement Transition in Sweden (HEARTS) study. We found stability in both types of motivation; however, those who retired after the study period showed more distinct declines in autonomous motivation. A stronger sense of community at work was related to level, but not change in autonomous motivation. Intra-individual fluctuations in the expected retirement age did not predict work motivation or vice versa. Future studies are needed to better understand the antecedents and consequences of preretirement declines in autonomous work motivation. 相似文献
197.
Finding a probable explanation for observed symptoms is a highly complex task that draws on information retrieval from memory. Recent research suggests that observed symptoms are interpreted in a way that maximizes coherence for a single likely explanation. This becomes particularly clear if symptom sequences support more than one explanation. However, there are no existing process data available that allow coherence maximization to be traced in ambiguous diagnostic situations, where critical information has to be retrieved from memory. In this experiment, we applied memory indexing, an eye-tracking method that affords rich time-course information concerning memory-based cognitive processing during higher order thinking, to reveal symptom processing and the preferred interpretation of symptom sequences. Participants first learned information about causes and symptoms presented in spatial frames. Gaze allocation to emptied spatial frames during symptom processing and during the diagnostic response reflected the subjective status of hypotheses held in memory and the preferred interpretation of ambiguous symptoms. Memory indexing traced how the diagnostic decision developed and revealed instances of hypothesis change and biases in symptom processing. Memory indexing thus provided direct online evidence for coherence maximization in processing ambiguous information. 相似文献
198.
Georg Northoff 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2008,7(4):501-527
The James–Lange theory considers emotional feelings as perceptions of physiological body changes. This approach has recently
resurfaced and modified in both neuroscientific and philosophical concepts of embodiment of emotional feelings. In addition
to the body, the role of the environment in emotional feeling needs to be considered. I here claim that the environment has
not merely an indirect and thus instrumental role on emotional feelings via the body and its sensorimotor and vegetative functions.
Instead, the environment may have a direct and non-instrumental, i.e., constitutional role in emotional feelings; this implies
that the environment itself in the gestalt of the person–environment relation is constitutive of emotional feeling rather
than the bodily representation of the environment. Since the person–environment relation is crucial in this approach, I call
it the relational concept of emotional feeling. After introducing the relational concept of emotional feeling, the present
paper investigates the neurophilosophical question whether current neuroimaging data on human emotion processing and anatomical
connectivity are empirically better compatible with the “relational” or the “embodied” concept of emotional feeling. These
data lend support to the empirical assumption that neural activity in subcortical and cortical midline regions code the relationship
between intero- and exteroceptive stimuli in a relational mode, i.e. their actual balance, rather than in a translational
mode, i.e., by translating extero- into interoceptive stimulus changes. Such intero-exteroceptive relational mode of neural
coding may have implications for the characterization of emotional feeling with regard to phenomenal consciousness and intentionality.
I therefore conclude that the here advanced relational concept of emotional feeling may be considered neurophilosophically
more plausible and better compatible with current neuroscientific data than the embodied concept as presupposed in the James–Lange
theory and its modern neuroscientific and philosophical versions.
相似文献
Georg NorthoffEmail: |
199.
Karl-Heinz Renner Sibylle EnzHeiko Friedel Georg MerzbacherLothar Laux 《Journal of research in personality》2008
The histrionic self-presentation style is introduced as a concept that describes specific individual differences in self-presentation, namely, performing explicit As-If-behaviors in everyday interactions. The As-If-Scale (AIS), a trait measure of histrionic self-presentation, shows good internal consistency and test–retest reliability as well as convergent and discriminant validity in several samples. Construct validation involved determining relations between the AIS and the Big Five, histrionic role concepts, motives, competencies, humor and ambivalence. Furthermore, the AIS yielded incremental validity in predicting behaviors related to histrionic self-presentation over and above the self-monitoring construct. The possible impact of the histrionic style for research on self-presentation and other fields is discussed. It is argued that histrionic phenomena are pervasive within many facets of our western culture and therefore deserve further examination. 相似文献
200.
When spiders appear suddenly: spider-phobic patients are distracted by task-irrelevant spiders 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Fear is thought to facilitate the detection of threatening stimuli. Few studies have examined the effects of task-irrelevant phobic cues in search tasks that do not involve semantic categorization. In a combined reaction time and eye-tracking experiment we investigated whether peripheral visual cues capture initial attention and distract from the execution of goal-directed eye movements. Twenty-one spider-phobic patients and 21 control participants were instructed to search for a color singleton while ignoring task-irrelevant abrupt-onset distractors which contained either a small picture of a spider (phobic), a flower (non-phobic, but similar to spiders in shape), a mushroom (non-phobic, and not similar to spiders in shape), or no picture. As expected, patients' reaction times were longer on trials with spider distractors. However, eye movements revealed that this was not due to attentional capture by spider distractors; patients more often fixated on all distractors with pictures, but their reaction times were delayed by longer fixation durations on spider distractors. These data do not support automatic capture of attention by phobic cues but suggest that phobic patients fail to disengage attention from spiders. 相似文献