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781.
Dino Chincotta Geoffrey Underwood Kartini Abd Ghani Eliana Papadopoulou Maja Wresinski 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1999,52(2):325-351
Six experiments examined the determinants of the numeral advantage effect: the finding that memory span for Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.) is greater than for digit words (one, two, three, etc.). The speed of item identification for numeral and digit words was unrelated to memory span for the same items and a larger memory span for numerals persisted under concurrent random generation (Experiment 1). The numeral advantage, however, was abolished when the items were presented in random locations within an invisible 3x3 grid (Experiment 2) and in locations on a horizontal plane that ran contrary to the natural direction of reading (Experiment 3). When the items were presented in the same location, a disruption of the spatial component of visuo-spatial working memory eliminated the numeral advantage (Experiment 4), whereas interference with the visual component of the system did not (Experiment 5). When the items were spatially distributed in a 3x3 matrix, however, neither visual nor spatial interference abolished the effect (Experiment 6). Taken together, these findings suggest that the numeral advantage effect is mediated by discrete components in visuo-spatial working memory dedicated to the temporary storage and renewal of visual codes and questions the assumption that the underlying mechanisms in immediate, visual serial recall are equivalent between stimulus categories. 相似文献
782.
783.
Jane A. Mitchell Geoffrey Hall 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》1984,36(2):93-117
In three experiments, pigeons with lesions of the paleostriatum (experimental subjects) and unoperated control birds were trained on tasks designed to assess their instrumental learning abilities. In Experiment 1, using an orthodox Skinner box, training was given on a variable interval (VI) followed by a fixed interval (FI) schedule of reinforcement and only non-significant differences between the groups emerged. Experiment 2 examined the performance of the same subjects on a VI schedule in which a response-contingent signal accompanied reinforcement. For control subjects the presence of the signal resulted in a low rate of response compared with that found in equivalent conditions with the signal omitted. Experimental subjects showed the same response rate when the signal was present as when it was absent. Experiment 3 employed naive subjects, and a Skinner box modified to facilitate key-pecking in total darkness. In this apparatus, experimental subjects showed a lowered response rate on a VI schedule. These tasks were analyzed in terms of the classical (stimulus-reinforcer) and instrumental (response-reinforcer) learning they involve. The results suggest that pigeons with paleostriatal lesions show a deficit in forming response-reinforcer associations, perhaps because the lesions reduce the salience of response-produced cues. 相似文献
784.
J. Pearce Geoffrey Hall 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》1982,34(4):257-258
DONAHOE, J. W. and WESSELS, M. G. Learning, Language and Memory. New York: Harper & Row. 1980. Pp. 513.
GRIFFIN, D. R. The Question of Animal Awareness: Evolutionary Continuity of Mental Experience. (Revised and enlarged edition.) New York: The Rockefeller University Press. 1981. Pp. xi + 209. $13.95. ISBN 87470 035 3. 相似文献
GRIFFIN, D. R. The Question of Animal Awareness: Evolutionary Continuity of Mental Experience. (Revised and enlarged edition.) New York: The Rockefeller University Press. 1981. Pp. xi + 209. $13.95. ISBN 87470 035 3. 相似文献
785.
Geoffrey G. Yager 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1970,48(9):729-729
786.
787.
Lynne Whitney K. Geoffrey White 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》1993,46(3):225-252
Dimensional shift was examined by generating gradients of two-dimensional stimulus generalization for intradimensional and extradimensional transfer of attention. Undergraduates discriminated between lines varying in length and orientation. Stimulus values were relevant on one dimension and irrelevant on another. For intradimensional transfer, the Phase 2 transfer task involved discriminating between new values on the dimension that was relevant in Phase 1. For extradimensional transfer, Phase 2 involved discriminating between new values on the dimension that was irrelevant in Phase 1. Extradimensional transfer was learned in twice the number of trials that were required for intradimensional transfer. In Experiment 1, generalization gradients obtained at different stages of Phase 2 training showed that control by the relevant dimension was maintained throughout the intradimensional transfer. In the extradimensional transfer, however, control by the previously relevant dimension was gradually lost before control by the new relevant dimension was acquired. Experiment 2 showed that the advantage of intradimensional over extradimensional transfer could not be attributed to cue-specific stimulus generalization. Experiment 3 showed that in extradimensional transfer the irrelevant dimension in Phase 1 retarded acquisition of control by the new relevant dimension in Phase 2. Experiment 4 showed that the irrelevant dimension masked control by the relevant dimension in the generalization test, but verified the conclusion from Experiment 3 that learned irrelevance contributed to the intradimensional-extra-dimensional transfer difference. 相似文献
788.
789.
Geoffrey Hall Euan M. Macphail John Wearden Peter Clifton R. H. McCleery 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》1987,39(1):95-104
Balsam, P. D. and Tomie, A. (Eds.) Context and learning. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1985. Pp. xi+ 419. ISBN 0-89859-442-1. £39.95.
Greenberg, G. and Tobach, E. (Eds.). Behavioral evolution and integrative levels: The T. C. Schneirla Conference Series. Hillsdale, N. J., Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1984. Pp. 307. ISBN 0-89859-363-8. $34.50. £28.75.
Commons, M. L. and Nevin, J. A. (Eds.). Quantitative analyses of behavior. Vol. 1: Discriminative properties of reinforcement schedules. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger. 1981. Pp. xxvii + 437. ISBN 0-88410-377-3 (v.1). Hardback. $42.50.
Lynch, G., McGaugh, J. L. and Weinberger, N. M. (Eds.). The neurobiology of learning and memory. New York: The Guilford Press. 1984. Pp. 528. ISBN 0-89862-645-5. £65.00.
Toates, F. M. Motivational systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1986. ISBN 0-521-26854-0 (Hardback) £22.50; ISBN 0-521-31894-7 (Paperback) £7.95. 相似文献
Greenberg, G. and Tobach, E. (Eds.). Behavioral evolution and integrative levels: The T. C. Schneirla Conference Series. Hillsdale, N. J., Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1984. Pp. 307. ISBN 0-89859-363-8. $34.50. £28.75.
Commons, M. L. and Nevin, J. A. (Eds.). Quantitative analyses of behavior. Vol. 1: Discriminative properties of reinforcement schedules. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger. 1981. Pp. xxvii + 437. ISBN 0-88410-377-3 (v.1). Hardback. $42.50.
Lynch, G., McGaugh, J. L. and Weinberger, N. M. (Eds.). The neurobiology of learning and memory. New York: The Guilford Press. 1984. Pp. 528. ISBN 0-89862-645-5. £65.00.
Toates, F. M. Motivational systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1986. ISBN 0-521-26854-0 (Hardback) £22.50; ISBN 0-521-31894-7 (Paperback) £7.95. 相似文献
790.
Luis Aguado Isabel de Brugada Geoffrey Hall 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》2001,54(3):201-217
In four experiments, rats received flavour aversion conditioning followed by extinction. The flavour was then subjected to retardation and summation tests. Experiment 1 showed that reacquisition of an extinguished flavour aversion was retarded with respect to the performance shown by rats for whom the flavour was novel. No retardation was found, however, with respect to a control group that had been given non-reinforced pre-exposure to the flavour. Experiment 2 demonstrated that extinction showed the same sensitivity to the effects of a retention interval as did latent inhibition, consistent with the view that the retardation effect was a consequence of the occurrence of latent inhibition during extinction. An extinguished stimulus was also found to alleviate the response governed by aseparately trained excitor in a summation test (Experiments 3 and 4), but the size of this effect did not exceed that produced by a control stimulus when the procedure used ensured an equivalent aversion to the test excitor in the two cases. These results challenge the proposal that extinction can turn a stimulus into a net inhibitor. 相似文献