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51.
Rocco J. Gennaro 《Philosophical Studies》2008,139(1):39-56
It is often said that some kind of peripheral (or inattentional) conscious awareness accompanies our focal (attentional) consciousness.
I agree that this is often the case, but clarity is needed on several fronts. In this paper, I lay out four distinct theses
on peripheral awareness and show that three of them are true. However, I then argue that a fourth thesis, commonly associated
with the so-called "self-representational approach to consciousness," is false. The claim here is that we have outer focal
consciousness accompanied often (or even always) by inner peripheral (self-)awareness. My criticisms stem from both methodological
and phenomenological considerations. In doing so, I offer a diagnosis as to why the fourth thesis has seemed true to so many
and also show how the so-called "transparency of experience," frequently invoked by representationalists, is importantly relevant
to my diagnosis. Finally, I respond to several objections and to further attempts to show that thesis four is true. What emerges
is that if one wishes to hold that some form of self-awareness accompanies all outer-directed conscious states, one is better
off holding that such self-awareness is itself unconscious, as is held for example by standard higher-order theories of consciousness.
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Rocco J. GennaroEmail: |
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Calabrese EJ 《Science and engineering ethics》2007,13(2):139-145
In a recent paper in Science and Engineering Ethics (SEE) Elliott proposed an ethics of expertise, providing its theoretical foundation along with its application in a case
study devoted to the topic of hormesis. The application is based on a commentary in the journal Nature, and it includes assertions of ethical breaches. Elliott concludes that the authors of the commentary failed to promote the
informed consent of decision makers by not providing representative information about alternative frequency estimates of hormesis
in the literature, thereby hindering the capacity of the scientific community to promote informed consent relating to chemical
regulation. This paper argues that Elliott should have incorporated due process into his system of evaluation. His argument
is also seriously deficient technically, in that it misinterprets the toxicological issues, misrepresents the scientific literature
with respect to the frequency of hormesis, and incorrectly assesses the extent to which the Nature paper revealed opposing/alternative views on hormesis. Given the seriousness of assertions of noncompliance to ethical norms,
there must be procedures to protect those whose ethics were called into question, to fairly evaluate the technical justification
for an assertion, and to enable corrections in the event of errors. If a journal is willing to publish assertions that individuals
acted in an ethically questionable way, it should be guided by a documented code of ethics and meet a standard of responsibility
far greater than normal peer-review processes for papers that do not entail such ethical judgments. 相似文献
54.
Antonio Pierro Mauro Giacomantonio Gennaro Pica Arie W. Kruglanski E. Tory Higgins 《Motivation and emotion》2013,37(2):213-223
The notion that locomotion concerns with moving from state to state (Higgins et al., Advances in experimental social psychology, Academic Press, New York, NY, 2003; Kruglanski et al., J Pers Soc Psychol 79:793–815, 2000) will instill a positive disposition toward multi-tasking was explored in three studies. Study 1 demonstrated the existence of the hypothesized link between locomotion and multi-tasking in a sample of university students. Study 2 showed that a person-situation fit in organizations based on this preference affects employees’ sense of well being. Finally, Study 3 conceptually replicated the results of Study 2 and demonstrated that the fit effects on well-being from the relation between locomotion and multi-tasking hold when both these variables are manipulated experimentally. These results support the basic idea that individuals with strong locomotion concerns benefit from activities more when they are performed simultaneously rather than sequentially. 相似文献
55.
Antonio Pierro Gennaro Pica Kristen Klein Arie W. Kruglanski E. Tory Higgins 《Motivation and emotion》2013,37(4):653-660
Nostalgia is defined as the remembrance of prior experiences that are self-relevant, involve close others, and carry a predominantly positive affective tone (Wildschut et al. in J Pers Soc Psychol 91:975–993, 2006). Given nostalgia’s palliative function for coping with negative affect and self-threats (Sedikides et al. in Curr Dir Psychol Sci 17:304–307, 2008), the present research explores a psychological construct related to greater experience of nostalgia: regulatory mode. According to regulatory mode theory (Kruglanski et al. in J Pers Soc Psychol 79:793–815, 2000; Higgins et al. in Adv exp soc psychol 35:293–344, 2003), assessment is the aspect of self-regulation focused on evaluation, whereas locomotion is focused on goal progress. We hypothesized that emphasis of the assessment mode on evaluation would promote nostalgia, while emphasis of the locomotion mode on progress would prevent it. These predictions were corroborated in two studies that assessed regulatory modes as individual difference factors (Study 1) and induced them experimentally (Study 2). Implications of these findings for the self regulation process are considered. 相似文献
56.
Raymond Calabrese 《The Journal of psychology》2013,147(3):237-242
The levels of alienation of American female school students (N = 431; 256 public, 175 private) were assessed to determine the extent of the influence of the school environment on the student's level of alienation and the dimensions of isolation, normlessness, and powerlessness. It was hypothesized that substantially different school settings would have no significant effects because student alienation is influenced by a series of complex environmental factors. The Dean Alienation Scale (1961) was used to assess levels of alienation. There were no significant differences in terms of total alienation and powerlessness. Private school students, however, were more isolated (p < .001) and public school students had higher levels of normlessness (p < .05). 相似文献
57.
The abilities of males and females to make spatial inferences were compared. Spatial inference is concerned with the ability to work out new spatial information from memory. In two experiments, participants had to study line drawings depicting shapes linked either by straight or meandering lines. Afterwards, they had to remember the straight-line distances or to infer the straight-line distances. Several spatial abilities were also assessed: perceptual discrimination, mental rotation, and visuo-spatial working memory span. The results showed that males outperformed females in spatial inference and mental rotation. Experiment 2 extended the study to old people. The results replicated and clarified those obtained in Experiment 1. Spatial inference and mental rotation showed age-related and gender-related differences; in addition, age reduced the visuo-spatial memory span. Overall, the findings suggest that gender differences favouring males are maximised with tasks requiring active processing and strategic control of metric information. 相似文献
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Gennaro A 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2011,45(3):355-365
The present work highlights the necessity to re-think the paradigmatic, methodological and theoretical assumptions which for a long time have regulated the practices of research in the field of the study of therapeutic processes. Following this suggestion, and commenting on Ribeiro and Gonçalves (2011), and Faccio, Centomo and Mininni (2011), I highlight the need to reframe the therapeutic change research in terms of a modelling approach. According to such perspective models arise through focusing on the general rule of the functioning of a change process within the local domain of a particular therapeutic encounter, making it possible both to manage it in line with the specific local aims, and to promote the deepening and the develop of scientific knowledge. This is a step towards a new research perspective able to promote the integration of empirical research and clinical practice. 相似文献
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This study was designed to measure the levels of alienation among American student and full-time teachers, based on the length of their experience with the public school organization. One hundred seventy eight subjects, including 113 full-time teachers and 65 student teachers, were administered the Dean Alienation Scale. Analysis of the data indicated that student teachers had significantly higher levels of alienation, isolation, normlessness, and powerlessness, than did full-time teachers. The less experience the teacher had, the higher were his or her levels of total alienation and powerlessness. 相似文献