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111.
Phyllis A. Gordon David Feldman Royda Crose Eva Schoen Gene Griffing Jui Shankar 《Counseling and values》2002,46(3):162-174
The authors examined the ways in which 40 women with chronic illnesses (rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or a combination of these disorders) used religious beliefs as a means of coping with their illnesses, The participants, all between the ages of 28 and 79 years, were interviewed about the role religious beliefs played in their experiences and the ways in which they made meaning in their lives or coped with their illnesses. The majority of the women reported that religious beliefs were important in living with a chronic illness. In addition, more women who were identified as coping well with their illness reported strong religious beliefs, whereas the majority of women identified as poor copers reported that religion was unimportant or that they had no religious beliefs. 相似文献
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113.
The Behavior Checklist, a self-report test procedure, was administered to 42 adults who stutter and 76 who do not in order to investigate the number, frequency of usage, type and nature of the responses that they reportedly employ to cope with the anticipation and/or presence of speech disruption. As a group, the participants who stutter reported a significantly greater number of speech-associated coping responses and a greater use of them than their nonstuttering peers did. Moreover, factor analysis made apparent fundamental between-group differences in the type and nature of certain forms of the coping responses reported by those who stutter and those who do not. This suggests that the quantitative and qualitative differences in the coping responses of those who do and do not stutter are potentially useful with respect to differential diagnostic and therapeutic decision making. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES: (1) The reader will be able to describe differences in the number, frequency and types of coping behaviors used by PWS and PWNS. (2) The reader will be able to list similarities and differences in the type and nature of coping behaviors used by PWS and PWNS. (3) The reader will be able to discuss the features and use of the Behavior Checklist, a self-report procedure for assessing the responses used by adults to cope with the anticipation and occurrence of speech disruption. 相似文献
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115.
It's about timing and change: pubertal transition effects on symptoms of major depression among African American youths 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Ge X Kim IJ Brody GH Conger RD Simons RL Gibbons FX Cutrona CE 《Developmental psychology》2003,39(3):430-439
Effects of early physical maturation and accelerated pubertal changes on symptoms of major depression were examined in 639 African American children. Three rival hypotheses, early timing, off-time, and stressful change, were tested using 2 waves of data (mean ages = 11 and 13 years). The pubertal effect operates differently according to children's gender and age. For girls, early maturation was consistently associated with elevated levels of depressive symptoms. For boys, early maturers manifested elevated levels of depression only at age 11, but these symptoms subsided by age 13. Boys who experienced accelerated pubertal growth over time displayed elevated symptom levels. Results support the early timing hypothesis for girls and the stressful change hypothesis for boys. Time at assessment is critical when examining boys' pubertal transition. 相似文献
116.
African American Single Mothers and Children in Context: A Review of Studies on Risk and Resilience 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Velma McBride Murry Mia S. Bynum Gene H. Brody Amanda Willert Dionne Stephens 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2001,4(2):133-155
This paper presents a comprehensive review of research linking single-parent family structure to parenting processes, maternal well-being, and child developmental outcomes among African Americans. The approaches used to study these families, related methodological and conceptual concerns, and the factors linked to maternal well-being, effective parenting processes, family functioning, and child outcomes are addressed. Much work remains to be done on conceptualizing and assessing parenting processes among African Americans in general and single African American mothers in particular. Researchers must examine more carefully the circumstances that foster or impede successful parenting among these mothers. Studies also are needed to disentangle the interactions between economic stress and parenting behavior and to determine the extent to which the findings can be applied to middle-income single African American parents. 相似文献
117.
Dorothy M. Fragaszy Erica Kennedy Aeneas Murnane Charles Menzel Gene Brewer Julie Johnson-Pynn William Hopkins 《Animal cognition》2009,12(3):491-504
We examined whether navigation is impacted by experience in two species of nonhuman primates. Five chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and seven capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) navigated a cursor, using a joystick, through two-dimensional mazes presented on a computer monitor. Subjects completed
192 mazes, each one time. Each maze contained one to five choices, and in up to three of these choices, the correct path required
moving the cursor away from the Euclidean direction toward the goal. Some subjects completed these mazes in a random order
(Random group); others in a fixed order by ascending number of choices and ascending number of turns away from goal (Ordered
group). Chimpanzees in both groups performed equivalently, demonstrated fewer errors and a higher rate of self-correcting
errors with increasing experience at solving the mazes, and made significantly fewer errors than capuchin monkeys. Capuchins
were more sensitive to the mode of presentation than chimpanzees; monkeys in the Ordered group made fewer errors than monkeys
in the Random group. However, capuchins’ performance across testing changed little, and they remained particularly susceptible
to making errors when the correct path required moving away from the goal. Thus, these two species responded differently to
the same spatial challenges and same learning contexts. The findings indicate that chimpanzees have a strong advantage in
this task compared to capuchins, no matter how the task is presented. We suggest that differences between the species in the
dynamic organization of attention and motor processes contribute to their differences in performance on this task, and predict
similar differences in other tasks requiring, as this one does, sustained attention to a dynamic visual display and self-produced
movements variably towards and away from a goal. 相似文献
118.
The present study examined the claim that secondary memory processes account for the correlation between working memory capacity
and fluid intelligence via a latent variable analysis. In the present study, participants performed multiple measures of secondary
memory, working memory capacity, and fluid intelligence. Structural equation modeling suggested that both secondary memory
and working memory capacity account for unique variance in fluid intelligence. These results are inconsistent with recent
claims that working memory capacity does not account for variance in fluid intelligence over and above what is accounted for
by secondary memory. Rather, the results are consistent with models of working memory capacity that suggest that both maintenance
and retrieval processes are needed to account for the substantial relation between working memory capacity and fluid intelligence. 相似文献
119.
Sofia Stathi Gian Antonio Di Bernardo Loris Vezzali Samantha Pendleton Linda R. Tropp 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2020,30(5):461-479
This research examined the role of contact meta‐perceptions on positive intergroup contact and outgroup attitudes. Specifically, perceptions of the ingroup's and outgroup's desire for intergroup contact were simultaneously tested as predictors of intergroup contact and outgroup attitudes. Three correlational studies were conducted in three distinct contexts, international students' view of British students, general public views of people with schizophrenia, and both Muslims' and non‐Muslims' views of one another. Among these three intergroup relationships, the role of outgroup contact meta‐perceptions was consistently highlighted as predictor of intergroup contact. In stark contrast, ingroup contact meta‐perceptions did not emerge as a significant predictor of contact. Intergroup contact then predicted outgroup attitudes (Studies 1, 2, and 3) and stereotyping (Studies 2 and 3) via reduced anxiety (Studies 2 and 3). The results demonstrate the importance of explicitly highlighting outgroups' openness for intergroup interactions and are discussed in the context of intergroup relations literature. 相似文献
120.