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141.
This study examined patients’ illness representations assessed shortly after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) as predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms six months later. Illness representations were assessed in ACS patients using standard measures at a home visit three weeks after discharge from hospital. Posttraumatic stress symptoms were assessed at the same time, and again six months later. Patients were aged 61 years on average, the majority being men (89.8%) of white European decent (89%). Greater posttraumatic symptoms at six months were associated with beliefs that the illness would last a long time (timeline), that it had an unpredictable time course (timeline – cyclical), greater consequences, less personal and treatment control, poorer illness coherence and stronger negative emotional representations (emotional upset relating to the illness; p?<?0.05). In multiple regression analyses, controlling for demographic, clinical and psychological factors (age, gender, ethnicity, social deprivation, ACS severity, negative affectivity and cardiac symptom recurrence), more intense emotional representations (β?=?0.146, p?=?0.041) and reduced illness coherence (β?=??0.133, p?=?0.029), emerged as independent predictors of posttraumatic symptom severity at six months. There was a near significant effect for personal control (β?=??0.113, p?=?0.058). These results demonstrate the importance of illness representations of ACS in predicting longer-term posttraumatic stress symptoms. 相似文献
142.
Laura Costas Eleni Papadopoulou Beatriz Perez-Gomez Xavier Basagaña Francesc Alarcon Delphine Casabonne Yolanda Benavente Gemma Castaño-Vinyals Manolis Kogevinas Silvia de Sanjosé 《Personality and individual differences》2013
The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) indicates androgen exposure during early development. Numerous methods are used in the assessment of 2D:4D, however, some are not reliable enough and others are difficult to perform in large epidemiological studies. We assessed the reliability of 2D:4D using a direct method with a caliper, and compared it with a computer-assisted analysis on scanned images. Both methods were moderately correlated, but the scan method produced slightly lower 2D:4D. The main source of variation was differences between subjects (real variation). Reliability was higher among men and among younger participants. All reliability coefficients were higher than 0.8 when three repeated measurements were averaged. Our results suggest that reliability is influenced by participants’ characteristics. Digit ratios determined directly with calipers are reliable when repeated measurements are averaged. 相似文献
143.
Amee B. Patel Carla Sharp Peter Fonagy 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(3):403-408
The criterion validity of the McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD; Zanarini et al., Journal
of Personality Disorders 17:568–573, 2003) as a quick screening device for borderline personality disorder (BPD) was evaluated alongside the more established Personality
Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+ Borderline subscale (PDQ-BPD; Hyler 1994) using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis. Both instruments demonstrated adequate criterion validity with the
diagnosis of BPD derived from a clinician-administered diagnostic interview. Optimal cutoffs for each measure were determined
using sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios. The previously established cutoff for the MSI-BPD
of seven (Zanarini et al., Journal of Personality Disorders 17:568–573, 2003) was confirmed. The current study provides the first support for the use of the MSI-BPD as a screening measure for use in
community-based studies of BPD. 相似文献
144.
Charlie D. Frowd Melanie Pitchford Vicki Bruce Sam Jackson Gemma Hepton Maria Greenall Alex H. McIntyre Peter J. B. Hancock 《Applied cognitive psychology》2011,25(2):195-203
Face construction by selecting individual facial features rarely produces recognisable images. We have been developing a system called EvoFIT that works by the repeated selection and breeding of complete faces. Here, we explored two techniques. The first blurred the external parts of the face, to help users focus on the important central facial region. The second, manipulated an evolved face using psychologically‐useful ‘holistic’ scales: age, masculinity, honesty, etc. Using face construction procedures that mirrored police work, a large benefit emerged for the holistic scales; the benefit of blurring accumulated over the construction process. Performance was best using both techniques: EvoFITs were correctly named 24.5% on average compared to 4.2% for faces constructed using a typical ‘feature’ system. It is now possible, therefore, to evolve a fairly recognisable composite from a 2 day memory of a face, the norm for real witnesses. A plausible model to account for the findings is introduced. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
145.
Treatment guidelines recommend evidence-based guided self-help (GSH) as the first stage of treatment for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. The current randomised control trial evaluated a cognitive behavioural therapy-based GSH pack, ‘Working to Overcome Eating Difficulties,’ delivered by trained mental health professionals in 6 sessions over 3 months. It was congruent with the transdiagnostic approach and so was intended as suitable for all disordered eating, except severe anorexia nervosa. Eighty one clients were randomly allocated to either a GSH or waiting list condition. Eating disorder psychopathology (EDE-Q), key behavioural features and global distress (CORE) were measured at pre- and post-intervention, and 3- and 6-month follow-up. Results showed significant improvements in eating disorder psychopathology, laxative abuse, exercise behaviours, and global distress, with the GSH condition being superior to the waiting list on all outcomes. Treatment gains were maintained at 3 and 6 months. This study adds to the evidence supporting GSH for disordered eating, including EDNOS. However, further work is needed to establish the factors that contribute to observed therapeutic improvements and determine for whom GSH is most suitable. 相似文献
146.
William G. Sharp David L. Jaquess Jane F. Morton Caitlin V. Herzinger 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2010,13(4):348-365
A systematic review of the literature regarding treatment of pediatric feeding disorders was conducted. Articles in peer-reviewed
scientific journals (1970–2010) evaluating treatment of severe food refusal or selectivity were identified. Studies demonstrating
strict experimental control were selected and analyzed. Forty-eight single-case research studies reporting outcomes for 96
participants were included in the review. Most children presented with complex medical and developmental concerns and were
treated at multidisciplinary feeding disorders programs. All studies involved behavioral intervention; no well-controlled
studies evaluating feeding interventions by other theoretical perspectives or clinical disciplines met inclusion criteria.
Results indicated that behavioral intervention was associated with significant improvements in feeding behavior. Clinical
and research implications are discussed, including movement toward the identification of key behavioral antecedents and consequences
that promote appropriate mealtime performance, as well as the need to better document outcomes beyond behavioral improvements,
such as changes in anthropometric parameters, generalization of treatment gains to caregivers, and improvements in nutritional
status. 相似文献
147.
Syllogistic reasoning and cognitive ageing 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
John E. Fisk Charles Sharp 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》2002,55(4):1273-1293
Gilinsky and Judd (1994) demonstrated that age-related impairment in syllogistic reasoning was in part due to reduced working-memory capacity. A total of 30 older (average age 66 years) and 34 younger persons (average age 24 years) were tested on syllogisms of various types as well as on other measures. Syllogistic reasoning was significantly correlated with education, processing speed, word span, and word fluency. Correlations with visuo-spatial processing and random letter generation were just short of significance. Syllogistic reasoning performance declined with age, although the deficit was no longer statistically significant following control for age-related differences in information-processing speed. On the other hand the inclusion of word fluency as an additional covariate boosted the apparent age effect, returning it to statistical significance. Thus it is possible that cognitive processes outside of working memory might underpin at least part of the apparent age deficit. This possibility is evaluated in the light of neuropsychological evidence implicating the prefrontal cortex in both the processing of syllogisms and more generally in cognitive ageing. 相似文献
148.
Mejlgaard Niels Christensen Malene Vinther Strand Roger Buljan Ivan Carrió Mar Cayetano i Giralt Marta Griessler Erich Lang Alexander Marušić Ana Revuelta Gema Rodríguez Gemma Saladié Núria Wuketich Milena 《Science and engineering ethics》2019,25(2):597-615
Science and Engineering Ethics - Across the European research area and beyond, efforts are being mobilized to align research and innovation processes and products with societal values and needs,... 相似文献
149.
150.