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161.
Stefanie Kehrer Antje Kraft Kerstin Irlbacher Stefan P. Koch Herbert Hagendorf Norbert Kathmann Stephan A. Brandt 《Psychological research》2009,73(6):751-761
Event-related potentials were measured to investigate the role of visual spatial attention mechanisms in conflict processing.
We suggested that a more difficult target selection leads to stronger attentional top-down control, thereby reducing the effects
of arising conflicts. This hypothesis was tested by varying the selection difficulty in a location negative priming (NP) paradigm.
The difficult task resulted in prolonged responses as compared to the easy task. A behavioral NP effect was only evident in
the easy task. Psychophysiologically the easy task was associated with reduced parietal N1, enhanced frontocentral N2 and
N2pc components and a prolonged P3 latency for the conflict as compared to the control condition. The N2pc effect was also
obvious in the difficult task. Additionally frontocentral N2 amplitudes increased and latencies of N2pc and P3 were delayed
compared to the easy task. The differences at frontocentral and parietal electrodes are consistent with previous studies ascribing
activity in the prefrontal and parietal cortex as the source of top-down attentional control. Thus, we propose that stronger
cognitive control is involved in the difficult task, resulting in a reduced behavioral NP conflict. 相似文献
162.
Psychopathy has long been associated with increased use of direct aggression and violence, especially among male inmates. Little research has, of yet, considered the relation between psychopathy and indirect forms of aggression. The current research sought to investigate the relationship between psychopathy and indirect aggression in a noncriminal sample. The results indicated that there was a strong relationship between psychopathic traits and indirect aggression, with strong correlations between indirect aggression and both factor 1 (coldheartedness) and factor 3 (impulsive antisociality). This association remained significant even after the effects of direct aggression had been controlled for. Path analysis indicated that both direct and indirect aggression was underpinned by the same psychopathy factors. This suggests that high psychopathy scorers will utilize direct and indirect aggression equally and, as such, the choice of one type of aggression over the other may be dependant on either situational factors or external moderators. Aggr. Behav. 35:408–421, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
163.
Maurizio De Pittà Vladislav Volman Herbert Levine Eshel Ben-Jacob 《Cognitive processing》2009,10(Z1):127-70
Many cells use calcium signaling to carry information from the extracellular side of the plasma membrane to targets in their
interior. Since virtually all cells employ a network of biochemical reactions for Ca2+ signaling, much effort has been devoted to understand the functional role of Ca2+ responses and to decipher how their complex dynamics is regulated by the biochemical network of Ca2+-related signal transduction pathways. Experimental observations show that Ca2+ signals in response to external stimuli encode information via frequency modulation (FM) or alternatively via amplitude modulation
(AM). Although minimal models can capture separately both types of dynamics, they fail to exhibit different and more advanced
encoding modes. By arguments of bifurcation theory, we propose instead that under some biophysical conditions more complex
modes of information encoding can also be manifested by minimal models. We consider the minimal model of Li and Rinzel and
show that information encoding can occur by AM of Ca2+ oscillations, by FM or by both modes (AFM). Our work is motivated by calcium signaling in astrocytes, the predominant type
of cortical glial cells that is nowadays recognized to play a crucial role in the regulation of neuronal activity and information
processing of the brain. We explain that our results can be crucial for a better understanding of synaptic information transfer.
Furthermore, our results might also be important for better insight on other examples of physiological processes regulated
by Ca2+ signaling. 相似文献
164.
Maurizio De Pittà Vladislav Volman Herbert Levine Eshel Ben-Jacob 《Cognitive processing》2009,10(1):55-127
Many cells use calcium signaling to carry information from the extracellular side of the plasma membrane to targets in their interior. Since virtually all cells employ a network of biochemical reactions for Ca2+ signaling, much effort has been devoted to understand the functional role of Ca2+ responses and to decipher how their complex dynamics is regulated by the biochemical network of Ca2+-related signal transduction pathways. Experimental observations show that Ca2+ signals in response to external stimuli encode information via frequency modulation (FM) or alternatively via amplitude modulation (AM). Although minimal models can capture separately both types of dynamics, they fail to exhibit different and more advanced encoding modes. By arguments of bifurcation theory, we propose instead that under some biophysical conditions more complex modes of information encoding can also be manifested by minimal models. We consider the minimal model of Li and Rinzel and show that information encoding can occur by AM of Ca2+ oscillations, by FM or by both modes (AFM). Our work is motivated by calcium signaling in astrocytes, the predominant type of cortical glial cells that is nowadays recognized to play a crucial role in the regulation of neuronal activity and information processing of the brain. We explain that our results can be crucial for a better understanding of synaptic information transfer. Furthermore, our results might also be important for better insight on other examples of physiological processes regulated by Ca2+ signaling. 相似文献
165.
166.
Participants in two experiments moved a mouse-like device to the right to move a cursor on a computer screen to a target position. The cursor was invisible during motion but reappeared at the end of each movement. The relationship between the amplitudes of the cursor movement and the mouse movement was exponential in Experiment 1 and logarithmic in Experiment 2 for two groups of participants, while it was linear for the control groups in both experiments. The results of both experiments indicate that participants adjusted well to the external transformation by developing an internal model that approximated the inverse of the external transformation. We introduce a method to determine the locus of the internal model. It indicates that the internal model works at a processing level that either preceded specification of movement amplitude, or had become part of movement amplitude specification. Limited awareness of the nonlinear mouse-cursor relationship and the fact that a working-memory task had little effect on performance suggest that the internal model is modular and not dependent on high-level cognitive processes. 相似文献
167.
A framework for the unification of the behavioral sciences 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Gintis H 《The Behavioral and brain sciences》2007,30(1):1-16; discussion 16-61
The various behavioral disciplines model human behavior in distinct and incompatible ways. Yet, recent theoretical and empirical developments have created the conditions for rendering coherent the areas of overlap of the various behavioral disciplines. The analytical tools deployed in this task incorporate core principles from several behavioral disciplines. The proposed framework recognizes evolutionary theory, covering both genetic and cultural evolution, as the integrating principle of behavioral science. Moreover, if decision theory and game theory are broadened to encompass other-regarding preferences, they become capable of modeling all aspects of decision making, including those normally considered "psychological," "sociological," or "anthropological." The mind as a decision-making organ then becomes the organizing principle of psychology. 相似文献
168.
169.
The role of religious fundamentalism and its relationship to shame and guilt was evaluated in 107 students who attend a church-sponsored university. A number of personality measures were given and gender differences were analyzed. The role of externalization was similar for males in this sample to that of earlier studies. However, it was found that females showed positive correlations between externalization and both shame and guilt. For females, more fundamentalistic religious training may help to contribute to an external orientation at the expense of identifying with a personal religion, and appropriate guilt. 相似文献
170.